Hiphil of to be precious. 15. The future Niphal of p; to lay 16. The past Hophal of 77 to descend.

snares.

17. The infinitive and imperative Kal of to take possession, and of

to sit.

The future .19 .(אִיבַשׁ to sleep (form יָשָׁן The future Kal of .18

Niphal of y to help. 20. The future Niphal and Hiphil of to abound, to excel.

EXERCISE LXVIII.

1. Come (2), children, listen to me, I shall teach you the fear

of the Lord. 2. Do not disdain the correction of the Lord; for whom (NN) the Lord loves, He chastens. 3. The Egyptians cannot eat food with the Hebrews, for that is an abomination to the Egyptians. 4. Do not () boast of the following day, for thou dost not know (fut.) what a day may bring forth (fut.). 5. The fear of the Lord increases the days, but the years of the wicked are short. 6. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of (1) the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. 7. If thou be surety for thy neighbour, thou art snared with the words of thy mouth. 8. The righteous (plur.) shall inherit the land, and shall dwell in it for ever. 9. The king is not saved (partic.) by the multitude of a host, a hero will not be delivered by greatness () of strength. 10. The ways of the Lord are right, and the righteous walk (fut.) in them, but the wicked shall stumble in them. 11. Do not walk in the way of sinners, withhold thy foot from their path. 12. Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be still wiser (wise); teach a just man, and he will increase his knowledge. 13., Do not (7) walk (fut.) in the counsel of the wicked (plur.), nor (!) stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the seat of the scornful; for the Lord knows the way of the righteous, but (?) the way of the wicked will perish.

§ 65. VI.-VERBS WITH OR AS SECOND LETTER (OR Y AND "Y).

If forms the second letter of the root, it causes considerable changes in the flexion of the verb.

1 (a). If the would, according to the regular conjugation, be followed by a homogeneous vowel, whether o or u, it is made to rest in it; e. g. the infinitive absolute of Kali (from D to depart), is changed into D, the participle passive into (§ 17. iii. 4). (b). If the would ordinarily have sh'va, it is thrown out, and the

סָרוּ - סָוְרוּ סָרָה becomes סָוְרָה .preceding vowel prevails ; e.g

(c). If it would have a heterogeneous vowel, whether a or i, it is likewise thrown out, and the preceding consonant takes the vowel with which it would regularly have been provided; e. g. '

is

into סְוַרְתֶּם סַרְנוּ into סָוַרְנוּ סַרְתָּ into סָמַרְתָּ סַרְתִּי converted into

DD. However, the third person masc. of the sing. in the past of

Kal--is not changed into D, but into D, which, as certain traces prove, was originally written N, the 1 having been replaced by to render it compatible with the sound a; a peculiarity also found in the active participle of Kal for ND, derived from the unusual form (see No. 3. e).

2 (a). If in consequence of the modifications described, the praeformative stands in an open syllable, its vowel is prolonged; e.g. D

אֶסְוֹר הוּסַר-(Hophal) הִסְוַר אָסִיר - אַסְוִיר (הָסִיר for) הֵסִיר becomes etc., with short vowels in open ,אַסִיר הָסִיר for the forms ;אוּסַר

syllables, are against the general rules of the language (§ 11. 4. b).

(b). In the past of Hiphil, the third pers. masc. sing. serves as a basis for the derivation of the other persons; hence we have not only 7pm,

; (הֵסַרְתִּי instead of) הֵסִירְתִי,but also, in the first instance ,הֵסִירוּ

however, as the two consonants and after the long chirek in 'D, are deemed harsh in sound, an auxiliary vowel 1, which has the tone before light suffixes, is inserted between them, producing

.(comp. $ 62. 1.e) הֲסִירוֹתָם הֲסִירוֹנוּ הֵסִירוֹת הֲסִירוֹתָ and so הֲסִירוֹתִי

§

3. Some moods and tenses seem derived from ancient or irregular forms of the verb, namely—

(a). The construct infinitive of Kal is, instead of ID, perhaps to distinguish it from the absolute infinitive, which has the latter form (No. 1. a).

(b). As the imperat. and fut. of Kal are based on the construct infin. (§ 40. 2), they have also the vowel instead of i, as D, AD, 17AD

(c). The future seems, besides, to be derived from a form p,

for it has hamets in the prolonged תִּקְמֹר אֶקְשׂר instead of תַּקְשׂר

.etc ,תָּסוּרִי

praeformative instead of tsere (see No. 2. a), namely, D, DA,

(d). If this long is followed by a termination beginning with a consonant, as in the feminine of the plural of the imperative (which would be), and in the second and third person feminine of the plural of the future (which would be D), the pronunciation is in the former case assisted by changing into cholem, and in the latter by inserting an auxiliary vowel, producing the forms, (comp. No. 2. b; § 62. 1. ƒ).

תְּסוּרִינָה

(e). The active participle of Kal is, as if derived from (see No. 1. c).

or

(ƒ). The past of Niphal seems to be founded upon the form

In order to avoid a double consonant נָסוֹרָה נָסוֹר for it is ; נַקְשַׁר

after a long vowel (as in 'i, i), the usual auxiliary vowel of the past—¡—is inserted (No. 2. b); but in order to prevent the repetition of the sound in two successive syllables, the first is changed into 1, making iì, ì, etc., instead of 'ii,

(9). The imperative of Niphal is traceable to the form, and

.etc ,נְסוֹרוֹתָ

hence the imperative ,(אֶקֶשֶׁר הִקָּשֶׁר instead of) אֶקָשר the future to .etc ,תִּפּוֹר אֶפּוֹר and the future ,הִפּוֹרִי הִפּוֹר is סור Niphal of

מַקְשִׁיר for מִקְשִׁיר derived from

(h). The participle of Hiphil is 7 (instead of 'D), as if

4. The verbs y have, instead of Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, the modifications Polel, Polal, and Hithpolel (§ 48. 7, 8, 9); e.g. 77iD,

5. The afformatives,, and have not the tone, except if

T

יְשִׁיבוּנִי יְשִׁיבוּן but יָשִׁיבוּ .epentheticum or a suffix follows; e. g

,she has returned שָׁבָה ,The past of Kal הוּשְׁבוּ הוּשְׁבָה accent, as

The Hophal, however, follows the regular verb with regard to the

has therefore the tone on the first syllable, but the feminine of the participle, she who returns, on the ultima (comp. Gen. xxix. 6 and 9; Exod. iv. 7, etc.). But if the past is preceded by conversivum praeteriti, it has the accent on the ultima, in accordance with the general rule (§ 49.5); as and she will return (Lev. xxii. 13; comp. Deut. ii. 25; Isai. xi. 2).

paragogicum appended to the imperative retains the tone, as

.(18 .Num. x. 35, 36; Judg. iv) סוּרָה קוּמָה שׁוּבָה

included, both the

6. If the first or third radical is a guttural, future of Kal and that of Hiphil with conversivum, have generally

- to rest נוּחַ; וַיָּעַד - to witness עוד pathach in the last syllable, as

П; to turn aside—D (Kal and Hiph.); in the former case, the infinitive, imperative, and future of Niphal have, of course, in the first syllable the long vowel tsere instead of the short chirek and the following dagesh forte; e.g. i to be light-infin. Niph. 1987, fut. ; to consent-fut. Niph. Ni (comp. § 68. 1. 2).

7. A full conjugation of to return, is subjoined as paradigm.