1. Leave (pl.) the silly (pl.), and walk in the way of understanding.

.a wife, but has not married her (לו) He has betrothed to himself .2

3. She is a virgin who is not betrothed. 4. All the nations will praise him. 5. Moses expounded the Law to the children of Israel in the land of Moab. 6. He who mocks (part.) the poor, scorns his Maker. 7. Thou shalt not plough with an ox and an ass together. 8. Even the fool, when he is șilent (partic.), will be considered wise.

,the brooks of water the hart pants after

9. As

the hart pants after (7) the brooks of water, thus my soul pants after Thee, O God. 10. Judge me, O Lord, for I have walked in my integrity, and in the Lord have I trusted; I shall not totter.

§ 62. III.-VERBS WITH THE SECOND AND

.(ע"ע THIRD LETTER ALIKE (OR

1. The verbs having the same consonant as second and third radical (and hence also called verba geminantia or mediae geminatae) are irregular chiefly because one of the two equal letters is frequently expressed by dagesh forte (§ 5. 1), and because, for the sake of easier pronunciation, forms so contracted often render a change of vowels necessary. The following are the most important rules:—

(a). In general, the vowel which would regularly stand between the two equal letters, remains in the contracted form; e.g. Day becomes D, DD - Duÿ.

(b). The future of Niphal, however, has D, with pathach, instead

(c). If a closed syllable with a short vowel precedes the syllable which contains the two equal letters, as in the future of Kal DD, or

ג.

the application of the ,(יִשְׁמָם הִשְׁמַם or) יָשְׁמַם וְהָשְׁמַם in the Hophal

rule just stated would yield the forms D,,, with the first syllable open, yet toneless and short, which is against the fundamental principles of vocalization (§ 11. 4. b). Therefore, in such cases, the first syllable is either converted into a closed one by providing the first consonant of the root with dagesh forte, as D for D; or into a long one by changing the vowel of the praeformative, as ìn, DWI', for D, D The latter alternative has more frequently been adopted; but it appears that older or obsolete forms of the regular verb have, in some instances, been employed as basis; thus the past of Niphal, which ought to be or (for D), is D, evidently founded on a form; another future of Kal is D, for D or D, probably from a form p; the past of Hiphil is, the future , as if derived from p, p, and the participle, still more

מִקְשֵׁר as if from ,(מָשִׁים for) מֵשֵׁם ,singularly

(d). However, if either the vowel before the two equal letters, or the vowel which stands between them, or both, are long and unchangeable, the forms of the regular verb are generally retained; this is the case in the absolute infinitive and the participle of Kal (DIDY, DAIW, DIDY), and throughout the Poel, Poal, and Hithpoel, which modifications, in the verbs yy, commonly replace the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael (§ 48. 1, 2, 3, 'Appiv, mppiv, Dpiviņ, etc.; comp. No. 5).

(e). As dagesh forte, never written at the end of words, is implied in the last letter of DW, DV, Dwn, Dan, etc., it is put whenever other consonants follow, as , V, NAVĮ, IDV), NAV, etc. Now, if these consonants are not quiescent, another expedient becomes necessary. As forms like 'new, new, 'npw), D, contain three successive consonants (standing for '), and are hence considered harsh in sound, the vowel is inserted between the doubled letter and the afformative, producing the more euphonious forms

(f). For the same reason, the second and third person fem. plur. of the future, and the fem. plur. of the imperat., take an auxiliary —

as

(g). With the exception of D and I, the afformatives have not the tone, but it rests on the syllable which precedes them; e.g.

Now the paradigm of the- הַשְׁמוֹתָם but ,תִּשְׁמֶינָה הַשְׁמוֹתִי הֵשֶׁמָּה

verbs y'y will be better understood (see pp. 138, 139).

2. Several verbs y'y have, in some persons of the past of Kal, the uncontracted forms; e.g. to seize prey, has 1, 1, 1;

זָמְמוּ זָמְמָה זָמַם - to meditate

3. A few verbs have pathach as characteristic vowel of the infinitive, imperative, and future of Kal, instead of cholem (see §§ 39. 1,3, 40. 4),

יָרוּץ תָּרוּץ and a few others have shurek, as ; שַׁךְ גַּל רַד as

4. The past and participle of Niphal have sometimes, according to the first of the two expedients above described (No. 1. c), chirek under the praeformative and dagesh forte in the first radical, as from

נָגָר instead of גרר

5. Many verbs have a regular Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, instead of the more common Poel, Poal, and Hithpoel; e.g. 27, 52;

יָצַר תָּצַר הֵצַר in the second syllable, as

6. The past and future of Hiphil have, in some instances, pathach

7. The future of Hiphil has likewise, in a few cases, a short vowel (pathach) in the first syllable, and dagesh forte in the first radical

תָּמֵר instead of מרר from תַּמֵר see No. 4), as)

instead of כתת מכך from יְפַת הָפַךְ

8. And so has the Hophal sometimes in the first syllable kibbuts followed by dagesh forte, as

9. The verbs y'y have not unfrequently the peculiar modifications of Pipel, Popal, and Hithpapel, the first radical being inserted between the two equal letters (§ 48. 11, 12, 13), as 7?, ??, Saba, ‘nbaba, Sabann.

10. Verbs with a guttural either as first, or as second and third radical, have the additional irregularities of the guttural verbs, especially as regards the omission of dagesh forte, and the consequent prolongation of the preceding vowel; e. g. to be tender, has both in the future of Kal and Niphal 77, 77 (but D, D); to separate, has in

to burn, has חרר ; (שְׁמוֹתָ שַׁמּוֹתִי but) בָּרוֹתָ בָּרוֹתִי the past of Kal Sometimes the תֵּחַר יִחַר and in the fut. of Niphal ;(שְׁמוּ but) חָרוּ

guttural has dagesh forte implicitum, and the preceding vowel remains short; e.g. in from to be bent down (see § 68. i. 1).