EXERCISE XXXVII.

Provide the following forms of the regular verb with vowels, and analyse them :

.constr. inf לְמֹד ,third pers. sing. m. of past Kal לָמַד ,For instance sing. m. of imper. Kal, etc. The figures in parenthesis indicate the לְמֹד,of Kal

number of different forms represented by each word.

למד (11)- נלמד (9)- למדתי (3) - למדו (5) - הלמד (6) למדתם (3)למדה (6) - מלמד (3) - תלמד (10) – הלמידו (2) - הלמדתן (3) התלמד (3) - למדנו (3) – הלמדנה (2) - מלמיד – למדת (7) למוד (3) - ילמד (6) – התלמדו (2) – הלמיד (3) - -

אלמד (6) - למוד (2) למדי (1) - התלמדי - למדנה (2) – תלמדנה (12) - – תלמדי (5) – למדי (2) הלמדו (2) - תלמדו (5)

In the same manner, write the corresponding forms of to support,

.to gather לָקַט, to throno שָׁלַךְ

§ 47. CONTRACTIONS IN VERBS.

For the sake of easier pronunciation or more harmonious sound, forms of verbs are contracted in the following cases:

1. If the third radical is ♬ or ), and the same consonant begins the afformative, it frequently takes dagesh forte, instead of being written

.Job xxiii. 7, Ps. lxxiii) הִצְמַתָּ נִצְמַתִּי - to destroy צָמַת .twice ; e.g ,(16 .Gen. xxxiv) נָתַנּוּ-to give נָתַן ; הִצְמַתְתָּ נִצְמַתְתִּי instead of ,(27 Ezr. xvii. 23), instead of) תִּשְׁכֹּנָה - to doell שָׁכַן ; נָתַנְנוּ instead of תִּשְׁכֹּנְנָה

2. The construct infinitive of Niphal occasionally, and that of Hiphil, frequently, throw out the with which they begin, after , and, in which case these particles take the vowel belonging to

.Isai) לַשְׁמִיד ; בְּהִכָּשֵׁל Prov. xxiv. 17) instead of) בִּכָּשֵׁל .e.g ;ה

xxiii. 11) inst. of ? (comp. §§ 17. iii. 3; 21. 5).

3. On the assimilations of n, in the praeformative syllable of Hithpael, to the first radical letter, see § 46. 8.

In the following paradigm, all the forms not provided with an accent

have the tone on the last syllable.

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§ 48. RARER MODIFICATIONS.

The following is a general survey of those modifications which occur only in isolated instances or in peculiar classes of verbs (comp. § 37. 3). They are mostly kindred to Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, both in meaning and in form, with this difference, however, that instead of reduplication by dagesh forte they employ repetition of radical letters or prolongation of vowels. With regard to the tenses, persons, and moods, they follow entirely the analogy of the ordinary modifications.

1. POEL (P, with impure cholem between the first and second radical), akin to Piel whose signification it generally shares; e. g. Day to judge-Div (Job ix. 15, part.). This is the usual form in the verbs yy; e. g. up-wwip.

2. POAL (P), the passive of Poel, and therefore corresponding to Pual; e.g. (Jer. xii. 2) they took root, from ; up

wwip.

3. HITHPOEL (in), the reflective of Poel; e.g. wynn (Jer. xxv. 16) he reeled, from wya; wp-wipṛ..

4. ETHPOEL (WP), an Aramaic form of Hithpoel, the in the praeformative being exchanged for the weaker ; e.g. in (Ps. lxxvi. 6) he has been spoiled.

5. PILEL (P), with the third radical repeated, equivalent to Kal or Piel; e. g. (Ezek. xxviii. 23) he fell, from

or

6. PULAL (7), the passive of Pilel; e.g. exhausted, from

(Ps. vi. 3) he is

7. POLEL, the usual form for Piel in verbs " or "y, with the third radical repeated, as in the two preceding classes, but the second or weak letter remaining quiescent in the vowel o; e.g. i to slay, from to die.

8. POLAL, the passive of Polel; e. g. is to be slain. 9. HITHPOLEL, the reflective of Polel; e.g.

to stay, from 15.

10. PEALAL (P), with the second and third radicals repeated, and implying a greater intensity of the original notion; e.g. (Ps. xxxviii. 11) to palpitate quickly or violently, from to go round.

11. PIPEL (P), the first radical being inserted between the second and third; e.g. to roll down, from 1; it is especially used of verbs yy.

12. POPAL (P), the passive of Pipel; e.g. ywy (Isa. lxvi. 12) to be caressed, from yy.

13. HITHPAPEL (7), the reflective of Pipel; e.g. babann

to roll oneself down, from.

14. PILPEL, the first and third radical, being repeated, while, the second, a weak letter, is omitted; e.g. to prostrate, from ;

chiefly of verbs "y or "y.

15. POLPAL, the passive, of Pilpel; e.g. ?? (1 Ki. xx. 27) to be provided with food, from .

(4 .Esth.iv) הִתְחַלְחַל.

16. HITHPALPEL, the reflective of Pilpel; e.g. (Esth. iv. 4)

חיל or חול to be grieved, from

17. TIPHEL (P), the causative of Kal, analogous to Hiphil, the of which being probably hardened into ; e.g.

xi 3) I have caused or taught to walk, from 77 to walk.

(Hos.

18. HOTHPAAL (P), the passive form of Hithpael, the deeper vowel o (in) being chosen instead of i (in ); e.g. (comp. Num. i. 47) to be numbered, from P

19. NITHPAEL()), an Aramaic form for Hithpael, provided with the of Niphal instead of ; e. g.) (Deut. xxi. 8), for (§ 46. 8), to be expiated, from

20. ETHPAEL (P), likewise an Aramaic form for Hithpael (comp. No.4); e.g. (2 Chr. xx. 35) to make a league, from

1. If the forms of the future, of whatever modification, are preceded by 1, with dagesh forte in their first letter, that is in the praeformative, they take the meaning of the past, generally the imperfect; e.g.

TT

p he will bind- he bound. For this reason that is called 1 conversive ( conversivum). It is probably to be traced to the verb (or) he was, an ancient form of . The original combination seems, then, to have been pit was or happened that he bound, the future having been chosen on account of its dependence on

($40.8); the first was thrown off as a simple hiatus or breathing at the beginning, while the other syllable (or "1) was connected with the following future by makkeph and, dagesh forte con