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PINCKNEY, CHARLES-continued.
The States equal sovereigns; their authority
absolute and uncontrollable, 116.

The system a federal republic, States the
pillars of the government, 116.

The character of, and pleas for Union, id.
PINCKNEY, C. C. Location of the sovereignty,
10.

States the parties to the government, 117,
118.

States confederate on equal terms, 118.

The government founded on equal compact
between States, id.

Only expressly delegated powers in the gov-
ernment, 10, 118.

All reserved are with the States, id., id.
Question of the individual sovereignty of the
States, 118, 119.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS. Testimony to
the federative character of our system,
332, 347.

POLITICIANS. Panderings and perversions,
162, 322.

Unprincipled partisanship, 165.

Absurdities regarding sovereignty, 306, 307.
False teachings at second-hand, 318.
POLITY, THE AMERICAN. According to the
expounders, 178, 179, 184.

The true, is government of States by them-
selves, jointly in general, severally in do-
mestic affairs, 180, 293, 394, 395, 414.

According to the writers of the Federalist,
186.

Essential idea of, 191.

Exposition by James Wilson, 303.

Of the rising States, 350, 351.

Main object of the federal, 359, 360.
Is a federation, 180.

What founded on, 361.

Symbolized, 365, 366.

As described by the founders, 367, 368
As "expounded " by the sons, 368.
Summary: general issue, 368, 369.
The States and people are, 374.

Rests on sacred international faith, 379, 427.
POWER. What is a, in a procuration, com-
pact, etc., 302 (note).

The sovereign, resides with the people, 10,
11, 303, 328, 329, 374.

The people are the fountain of all, 10, 306.
The, under the Constitution always in the
people, 11.

The dissolving as well as constituent, belongs
to the people, 73, 302, 330, 389.
The use of undelegated, by the federal gov-
ernment, 376, 377.

Delegations of, by the States in the Union
may be withdrawn, 377, 388 et seq.
Pretence of a restraining, over States, 360,
361.

Of encroachment on reserved, in a republic,
376.

When, constrains a State, freedom is gone,
382.

No, of restraint or constraint given the fede-
ral government, 384.

The rightful central, 429.

POWERS. Alleged distribution of, 42, 172.

All, not delegated are reserved, 85 et seq., 172,
181, 191, 192 note, 379.

All federal, derivative and remain such, 150,
379.

Distribution of, by the States, 181.
Alone delegated, 191, 302.

Grants of, subject to recall, 192, 364, 389.
"Delegated powers," political grants,"
"powers of government," vs. sovereignty,
192, 216, 217, 316, 341.

POWERS - continued.
"Sovereign powers,'
"the sense in which the
fathers used the expression, 223, 224, 317,
318.

And rights are not sovereignty, 306, 307.
The State's repository of: Those delegated
and those reserved, 310.
Illustration and corollaries, with authorities,
310, 311.

Delegated to the United States, 364.

Federal abuse of delegated, 312, 373, 380 et seq.
Federal, delegated for defence not attack of
States, 382, 384.

Perverted, may be withdrawn, 389.
PREAMBLE, THE And title show a union of
distinct commonwealths, 148, 168.
And Article VII. prove States sole parties to
the compact, 153, 154.

Action of the federal convention on, 201,
202.

And Article VII. true rendering of, 322.
PRINGLE, J. J. Redress in case of unconsti-
tutional treaties, 119.

PROVINCIALIZED. The States, according to
the "school," 12, 162, 280, 293.

An indissoluble union means States, 155, 357.
Government "
27
supremacy relegates States
to their provincial condition, 361.
A suggestion, 369, 370.

PUBLICISTS, THE. On sovereignty, 7, 306.
On the federal republic, 332, 347.

RANDOLPH, GOV.

R.

The Government a crea-
tion of the States, 109, 396.

Right to coerce States, most absurd and
ridiculous of all doctrines, 396.

On the accession of Virginia, 111.

Plan of government submitted, in federal
convention, 198.

Coercion ought not to be directed against a
State, 383.

Federal laws to operate on individuals, not
States, 383, 384.

The State governments and federal usurpa-
tion, 392.
RATIFICATION. Done by States to federalize
themselves, 77, 136, 167, 169.

Was adoption - the only acts ordaining and
establishing the Constitution and govern-
ment, 81, 124-126, 140, 154, 169, 204, 205,
285, 286.

Done in State conventions, each free to re-
ject or adopt, 77, 136, 154, 167 et seq., 172,
286.

The act of Massachusetts, 88; of Connecticut,
90, 91; of New York, 95; of New Jersey,
99; of Pennsylvania, 103; of Delaware,
104, 105; of Maryland, 106; of Virginia,
111, 112; of South Carolina, 120, 189; of
Georgia, 121; of New Hampshire, 123: of
North Carolina, 132, and of Rhode Island,
134.

Ordinances of, received by Congress as proof
of the establishment of the compact, 126,
127.

On receiving nine acts of, Congress declared
Constitution completed, id., 364.
Pretended, of the Constitution, 142, 143, 172,
173.

Of constitutional amendments provided for,
152.

What such provision necessitates, id., 825.
Sufficed for establishing, 167.

Was by States only, 167, 169, 172, 189, 190.
The people never voted on, 170.
Garbling the ordinances of, 182 et seq.

RATIFICATION - continued.

Ordinances of, show States only possible
creators and delegators, 184.

Exposition, with criticism of the consolida-
tion view, 188 et seq.

The instrument of, was an ordinance, not a
deed or grant, 189.

The ordinances of, only delegate powers for
self-government, 190, 191.

Power of enactment, and that of repeal com-
mensurate, 188, 192, 357.

Has not" operated to pass something," 193,
194.

The assenting phrases of the ordinances, 191,
192, 204, 205.

Used in the sense of acceding to, 205, 206.
Of the first ten amendments, 326, 327.
Of the 11th and 12th amendments, 327.
Of the later amendments, id.

Barely carried in several States, such the ap-
prehension of consolidation, 377.

Of the Constitution involved no transfer of
allegiance, 416, 417.

Vote of New York was in confidence of
amendments, 94.

Declaration of New York on ratifying, id.
Declaration of Virginia, 112.

Is the exercise of sovereignty, 108.

Was by the people as organized societies, or
commonwealths, 127, 143, 172, 294, 297,
300, 325.

RAWLE, W. On secession, 33.
REBELLION. "Rebellion or not?" A con-

sideration of the question, Were the con-
federates rebels and traitors, chaps. V.,
VI., pp. 28-40.

REPUBLIC. Government in, not sovereign,
32, 53, 54, 283.

Suffrage the exercise of sovereignty in, 7.
Laws regulating suffrage fundamental to, 7,

17.

Averments of facts as to, 55, 56.

Sole cohesive force of the, 56.

A society of people for self-government, 55,
127, 411, 412.

Principle it is founded on, 281.

God's form of polity, id.

Right of expatriation vital to, 282.
Exists by the social compact, 283.
Law of being of, 288.

The germ of, 292.

Our federal, exists through the States, 331.
Government in a, not object of treason or al-
legiance, 339.

Government of, is the State itself, 365.
Encroachment on reserved powers, insidious,
376.

REPUBLICS. The basis of all, 352.
"REPUBLIC OF REPUBLICS." Propositions,
56.

Established by the federal compact, 186.
The growth of our, 348.

A society of commonwealths, 184.

Vattel and Montesquieu on, 22, 298. 332, 347.
"REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT."

The understanding of the fathers, 255

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SCHOFIELD, GEN. The army the safety of
the republic, 13.

SECESSION. A chapter on, and coercion, 22.
The formal act of, 37, 38.

Was by States, not persons, 23. 36.
Rightful though impolitic, 24, 25.

Right of, inherent and inalienable, 27 [Note,
Professor Bledsoe on secession, id.], 267,
268.

Not inconsistent with the Constitution, 23,
24, 27, 423, 444.

And the jus gentium, 24, 26, 422.

Right of, and State sovereignty taken for
granted, 27, 32, 391, 389-391.

Errors regarding, 267 et seq.

No question as to right, for 40 years, 32.
St. George Tucker and Wm. Rawle on, 32,

33.

Uncle Sam taught Davis and Lee, id.

Will, act, and criminal intent required to
make crime, 36.

How declared, 37, 38.

The whole argument against, dissipated, 95,
301, 302.

The power to dissolve commensurate with the
ordaining, 188, 330, 357, 361, 389 et seq.
And nullification distinction, 261, 262.
Conservative mistakes, 267 et seq. [note, p.
358].

Right of, taken for granted by the fathers,
27, 33, 389-391.

The act of, and the right thereof, 267, 268.
There can be no forfeiture of the right of,
268.

Conservative influence of the admitted right,
id.

The late, too precipitate, 268.

Right to abolish or repeal involved in that to
amend, 286, 326, 357, 358, 376.

Not prohibited by the recent amendments,
423.

The right spurned, or condemned now, 268.
[Note, p 358].

Fallacies of certain political clerics, 290.
Right of, conceded, 330, 389 et seq.
Powers granted may be resumed, 389-393.
Right of, is above the Constitution, 389, 423.
The people may new-model or destroy the
government, 409.

Naturally States can undo what they do, 423.
Political philosophy of the right, 423.
The higher moral considerations involved in
the claim of the right, 423, 424.
SELF-DEFENCE. Of States, Fathers held
right of, unlimited in the Union: How
asserted, 388.

The States the highest authority on the right
and mode of, 358, 408, 409.

What the fathers say: Dr. Johnson, of Con-
necticut, 388; Ellsworth, 388, 396; Mar-
shall, 389, 391, 895, 396; Chan. Pendleton,
389; Madison, 389, 392; Iredell, 889, 390;
Roger Sherman, 390; Dickinson, id; James
Wilson, 390, 391; Samuel Stillman, 391;

SELF-DEFENCE― continued.

Judge Parsons, id.; Ames, id.; Gov. Ran-
dolph, 392; Hamilton, 392, 393.
Last reasoning of the States, 393.
The militia for, 392, 394, 402 et seq.
SELF-GOVERNMENT. Of States is the Ameri-

can polity, 65, 66, 127, 144 [Diagram], 147,
292, 299.

Alone distinguishes a State from a province,
65, 127, 155.

Federal, exercised by the States through the
general government, 125, 147, 373-375.
Intact right of, is the States' sovereignty,
127.

Right of, not impaired by the delegating of
power, 127, 281, 411, 412.

An indissoluble union of States fatal to, 155.
Only divine right of government is, 281, 286,
408.

Capacity for and right to, 281, 286, 347.
Is exercised functionally, 286, 411, 412.
And society are separate ideas, 289, 290.
The republican idea, symbolized, 294, 295,
296, 297, 355, 366.

And the commonwealth, 348.

In States, or bodies-politic, federating, id.
Of man the foundation of the American
polity, 348, 361.

Responsibility for the use of, is in individu-
als, id., 380, 381.

Rights and responsibilities of, 408.

Possible only in the collective form, 409.

Of man the germinal idea of all republican-
ism, 348, 408.

SENATE, THE. Represents the sovereignty

of the States: Senators partake of the
quality of ambassadors, 81, 82, 238, 367,
389, 390.

SETTLER Status and rights of, in the terri-
tories, 353.

SEWARD, W. H. His threat to keep the peace

for States, 14.

His little bell, id.

Basis of our federal republic, 65, 331.
Absolute existence of the States, id.
No power to coerce States, 178.
SHERMAN, ROGER. The government insti-

tuted by sovereign States, 46, 47, 89.
Government the offspring of, and subject to,
the will of the people, 89, 390.
SHERMAN, GEN. W. T. The army and "the
government in fact," 13, 14.

SOCIAL COMPACT. See Compact, Social.
SOCIETY. In the republican form of govern-
ment, governs itself, 266, 275, 281.

Object of, 281, 408.

Monarchical and republican, 281.

Of people vs. society of States, 282.

People in, constitute the body politic, id.
Actual conditions of existence of, 283, 284.
Functions of organized, 284

What causes society, 286, 408.

The constituting of, vs. constituting govern-
ment, 288, 289.

Exists by consent, 290, 291, 294.

And its self-government separate ideas, 289,
290.

As sovereign, 296.
Republican political, 408.

The State the only political, of the American
people, id.

The, called the commonwealth, how formed
and governed, 348, 409.

Sovereignty of organized,- how it manifests
itself, 301, 302.

The authority for ordering its political con-
ditions, 328, 329.

Our only monarch for allegiance is, 414.

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SOUTH CAROLINA. Federalizes herself, 115.
Date of ratification, vote, 124.

Strong opposition and much discussion, 115
et seq.

The new system as explained by its chief sup-
porters, 115-119.

A convention called to ratify or reject, 119,
120.

Ordaining words of the ratification, 120.
Amendments demanded, 120, 121.

Expose of Mr. Curtis's fallacy concerning the
ratification of, 188 et seq.

SOVEREIGN, CORPORATE, The general gov-
ernment, by perversion, has become a, 12,
197.

SOVEREIGN MIND OR WILL. Of the State
survived to amend, 57, 58, 73, 147, 152, 305.
Attributes and functions of, 28, 285, 294, 308,
324.

Where dwells, 152, 285, 294, 308, 324.

How manifested in our republican govern-
ment, 294, 295.

Of the State, and the federal pact, 301, 302,
305, 357, 358.

"SOVEREIGN POWERS." Incorrect phrases
of the expounders, 306, 307, 314-316.
No, in the Constitution, 305, 310 et seq., 314,
315, 316, 317, 324.

An excusable misnomer of the fathers, 317,
818

SOVEREIGNTY. American, when and how
originating, 3, 4, 73, 276 et seq., 328, 329,
335, 336.
Distinguishes a State from a colony, province,
etc., 3, 127, 215, 216, 292, 319, 335.

Of the States acknowledged by England, 4,
328.
Asserted by each State and guaranteed by all,
4, 142, 148, 151, 152, 258, 259, 359, 377,

388.

Declared, eo nomine, to be in the States, 31,
142, 217.

A unit and indivisible, 3, 305, 306, 308 et seq.
Does not consist of powers or rights, 3, 147,
192 [and note], 216.

Inherent in the people as organized societies,
10, 11, 273, 294, 307, 374, 390.

Dwells in the societies after as well as before,
making constitutions, 10, 11, 127, 190, 191,
329, 374, 390.

Governmental, in a republic a solecism, 324.
The government from agency has become a
corporate, 12, 197, 215.

Right of secession natural, and involved in
State, 32, 391.

No question for forty years of, State, and the
included right of secession, 32, 33.

Seat of, according to the fathers, 10, 11, 42-

48.

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SOVEREIGNTY - continued.

Of the States and the tenth amendment, 46,
86, 377-379.

Cannot be predicated of government in a
republic, 37, 53, 54, 283, 324.

Solecistic absurdities, 37, 307, 308.

Of the States, and the second article first fed-
eral Constitution, 46, 86, 142.
Ratifying, the exercise of State, 108.

What is meant by, 127, 283, 305-308, 319
et seq.

Is inalienable and indivisible, 142, 147, 193,
307.

How and when, of State lost, 142, 216, 286,
328, 329, 330.

Vs. government, 142, 192, 283, 306 [note, p.
192].

States the real, 147, 302, 305, 330, 331.

Is above and beyond government, 147, 216,

217, 299.

Exercise of its rights of government is func-
tional, 147, 306, 309, 310 et seq.

Not to be confounded with the powers of
government, 147, 192, 283, 305, 806.
Alleged ceding of a part of, 192 et seq., 307,
808.

Is not diminished by delegating powers, 4,
191, 192, 194, 195, 310–312.

Not dependent on compacts, 4, 216, 217.
In the incorrect sense of government, 224,
283.

Guaranty of, to each State, 258, 259, 359.
Cannot be subjected to its own delegations,
295, 296, 310 et seq.

Supreme, and always the same, 298.

No, in the Constitution, 147, 301, 302, 305,
324.

308.

Society's, its sway, adjuncts, etc.,
Divided [Illustration], 308, 309.
Not transferred, testimony of the fathers, 317,
318.

Not subject to reservation, 319-322.
Mr. Curtis's admissions, 328, 329.

When lost by the State? Points that must
be met in the inquiry, 330.
States have exclusive possession of, 209, 210,
330, 331.

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Of the soil, 62, 63, 338 340, 342 et seq.
That alleged understanding as to, 336.
"The independent, of their respective
States," 238.

States held together by a central, according
to the "Nationalists," 144, 197.
In the new States: See NEW STATES.
SPAIGHT, R. D. On the powers and work of
the federal convention, 130, 131, 225.
The Constitution a mere proposal, id., id.
The new system federal, adhesion voluntary,
id., id.

SPENCER, JUDGE. Federal laws must oper-
ate on individuals, not States, 384.
Coercion of States destruction of the govern-
ment, id.

SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY. The fallacy of,

322.

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STATE-continued.

The word was convertible with State govern-
ment, 181, 247.

The genesis of a, 273 et seq., 278.
Meaning of, in the American polity, 24, 73,
149, 169, 170.

Or nation, 65, 149, 169, 279.

Each American, had every characteristic of a
nation, 284.

Continued existence of the, 149, 152, 286, 325,
328.

Acts functionally and voluntarily, 73, 286,
300.

Self-preservation a duty of the, 257, 258,
355 et seq., 394, 408, 409.
Rules in all things, 292.

Grades of authority in, 294, 295, 300, 301.
Source of all authority, 301.

The alleged loss of sovereignty, 169, 300, 328
et seq., 330.

The word as applied by the fathers, 149, 169,
333.

Is the ultimate arbiter, 355 et seq.

Right of self-defence, 355 et seq., 394, 408,
409.

Duties of the, under reciprocal relations,
357.

The political suicide of a, id., 416, 417.
When federal agency may enter a, vi et
armis, 360.

Endows her members with suffrage, 29.

May command the armed defence of her citi-
zens, 373, 394, 403 et seq.

Is the palladium of private and personal
rights, 87.

Cannot be coerced even judicially, 385, 386.
And the federal judicial powers: the eleventh
amendment, 386, 387.

The government of a, stands between public

liberty and federal encroachment, 391-393.
Has original and supreme control of her
militia, 394, 403 et seq.

Defending one's, is self-defence, 394, 408,
409.

The American, status, political action, at-
tributes and prerogatives, 408, 409.
Federal jurisdiction in, and legal force of the
treason-clause flow from her sovereignty,

415.

The, and citizenship, allegiance and treason,
the early faith regarding, 419 420.

Makes and unmakes the offence of treason,
422, 423.

Withdrawal, the natural action of an un-
chained, 423.

Withdrawal is, as to a State, the natural and
functional act of a free being, 423, 424.
The, and sovereignty, secession, coercion,
federalization, the Constitution and the
Union. [See under those respective heads.]
STATEHOOD. To remain intact, 74.
Massachusetts, fear of losing, 85, 86.
STATES." Free, sovereign, and independent,"
4, 61, 132, 135, 273.

Sovereign American, from British colonies,
3, 4, 73, 328, 329.

Regarded as the sole source of power by the
Constitution, 22, 75, 126, 137-139, 140, 147
et seq., 152, 153.

Senators, representatives, and president
chosen by, 22, 126, 149, 150, 179, 180.
No constitutional coercion of, 23, 178, 309,
373, 382 et seq.

Equal and voluntary, joined in federal league,
23, 136, 140, 148, 155, 156, 286, 297, 300.
Constitution making, seceding and warring
were by, 23.

Sophistry of not coercing, but persons,

id.

STATES-continued.

No distinction in the Constitution between
foreign and domestic, 24, 149.

The southern, in seceding exercised an indis-
putable right, 24.

The southern, fought for independence, the
northern for empire, id.

The northern, coerced the southern back un-
der the jus gentium, 24, 25.
Unpleaded pleas of the coercing, 25.

The principle established that seceding, may
be coerced back, 28.

Secession and war not by citizens, but by, 28,
29.

Make voters as means of ascertaining the
collective will, 29, 238.

Suffrage exclusively given and controlled by,
29, 155.

The ultimate authority for the citizens to
obey, 30.

Treason a crime against, id.

Coercion of, is war, 31, 75, 383 et seq.

The only nation is composed of, 31, 32, 179,
297, 414.

Alone responsible for secession and war, 37.
Alone punishable, 39, 40.

Severalty and sovereignty of, recognized, 45-
48, 82, 153, 350, 357, 358.

Alone delegate and reserve, 54, 155, 181.
Alone amend, 57, 147, 152, 325.

The people politically exist and act only as,
61, 65, 145, 155, 156.

They are the people, and the people the, 61,
145, 155, 156, 176.

The, always above government, 61 et seq.,
127, 153, 176, 299, 373.

Only by their will is the Constitution law in,
64, 77, 150, 154, 155.

A clear conception of the, 65, 66, 286.
As distinguished from provinces and coun-
ties, 65, 66, 127, 292, 332, 333.
Motives of, in establishing the Union, 73,
136, 145, 146 et seq.

Are distinct entities, 78, 145, 286, 335,
336.

Are so many republics, 127, 136, 275, 297.
To remain intact, 74, 127, 136, 147, 151, 152,
169, 325.

The chief aims of, in federating, 75, 76, 136,
355.

The principal changes in the federal polity
contemplated by the, 86.

Federalized, not nationalized, themselves, 76,
144, 300.

Gave existence to the government and feder-
alized themselves, 76, 77, 127, 168, 169, 292,
293, 362.

Are sovereigns in the Union, 127, 142, 147,
151, 305, 325 et seq., 335, 342.
Ordained the Constitution and gave the gov-
ernment its being, 127, 136, 137, 140, 144,
145 [Illustration], 385, 386 [Illustration].
Government by, jointly and severally, 127,
147, 289, 304, 365.

Proof of their continued sovereignty, 86, 142,
147, 152, 285, 297, 328 et seq., 374.
Did not commit suicide, 127, 149, 216, 317.
Their constituting the general government
was a functional act, 186, 285, 286, 306,
322, 323.

Are the real sovereignty and government,
142, 147, 194, 195, 299, 414.

No evidence of their consolidation, or change,
145, 149, 156, 169, 179, 194, 329, 330.
Have absolute right of self government, 63,
73, 127, 133, 147, 281, 286, 293.

Assert and hold lordship of the soil, 62, 63,
337, 338-340, 342 et seq.

STATES-continued.

Pre-existent and supreme, 42, 142, 149, 154,
169, 328, 416.

All elections and powers are of, 149, 150, 179,
180.

The restrictions on, 154, 172.

Are named in the Constitution, 174, 175.
The same sovereign, federalized that com-
posed the confederation, 112, 142, 144, 152,
153, 169.

Did not subject themselves, but their citi-
zens, to the supreme law, 125, 176-178, 383
et seq.

As parties to a constitutional compact, ac-
ceded to it severally, 204 et seq.

Sovereignty of, is above the Constitution,
147, 216, 217.

Webster's concession and Massachusetts's
stand, 275, 279, 286, 330, 331.

Voice of American History regarding, 286,
292-294, 355.

The united, are the government, 294, 299,
373-375.

"National sovereignty " cannot be enforced
upon, 299, 360, 361.

Respective action of, upon State and federal
constitutions, 300, 301 [Illustration].
"Expounders'" "limited sovereignty" of
the, 314-316 et seq.

Are sovereigns yet: established facts, 325,
326.

Equal sovereigns in convention of 1787, 328.
Claim sovereignty, independence, and free-
dom, 216, 217, 330, 333.

The absolute existence of the, constitute the
republic, 331.

The, alone have inherent rights and original
sovereignty, 333, 355.

What the fathers assumed of, and aimed to
secure for, 355, 376, 377, 385, 393, 395, 396,
414.

Guaranty of all to protect each, 359, 360,
415.

Right of self-defence, 355, 358, 373, 388 et seq.
Are the people and polity, 292, 293, 373-375,
414.

Self-defence vital to small, 384.

Jurisdiction of suits between, and by indi-
viduals against, 485-487.

The fathers on self-defence of, 338 et seq.
Are the people the nation and the govern-
ment, 414.

Articles of the early faith regarding, 419, 420.
Can undo what they do, 423.

STATES, THE NEW. Northwestern admitted
with "same rights of sovereignty, freedom,
and independence with the other States,"
217, 333.

Sovereignty in the [other], 347 et seq.
Origin, growth, and increase of, 347-349.
Absolutely equal with the old, 346, 348 et seq.
Formation of: Rationale, 348, 349, 352, 373.
The constitutional provision for the admis-
sion of: evident intent, 151, 152, 354.
Status and rights of a settler in the nascent,

853.

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