fon's fyftem. It is not to be conceived in what manner the waves of the fea, after having raifed up a quantity of fand, earth, stones and fhells, fhould depofit them again in parallel and horizontal beds. The laws of hydrostatics do not appear to admit of the poffibility of any fuch method, and still much lefs of the existence and action of those torrents at the bottom of the feat; which the French Naturalift conceives to penetrate the ftrata of the mountains formed there, and, opening a paffage through, to divide them into hills and vallies.

In rejecting, however, the imaginary caverns of De Buffon and Hollman, our Author does not admit of those terrible volcanos of the Abbè Moro; which he thinks inconfiftent with that regularity of ftrata, mixed with innumerable marine animals, obfervable over the face of the whole earth, and even in places very diftant from any volcanos, and deftitute of the smallest veftige of their explofion. Again, he obferves, that in veins of fand, marle, chalk, marble, and flate, we find no indication of a burnt foil, or of combustible substances; but rather of a fediment difpofed by the agitation of the fea. At the fame time, he remarks that he never hath met with any marine substances or animals in a ftratum of cinders, pumice-ftone, or burnt flint.

For these reasons Mr. Rafpe concludes that the hypothesis of Ray, as reprefented by Moro, and imputing the origin of all kinds of mountains to fubterraneous conflagrations, and earthquakes, is falfe and defective. He conceives, notwithstanding that this fyftem, as improved by Dr. Hooke, has a great deal of probability. Thus he imagines that the ftrata, of which the fhell or furface of the earth is compounded, were originally formed at the bottom of the fea, by the conftant agitation of the waters and the continual production of plants and fhells: after which, the fubterraneous explofions and earthquakes, breaking through the bottom of the fea, not only formed banks, hills and fubmarine mountains of its broken parts, but frequently raised it up together with its incumbent ftrata, in fufficient quantity to form islands and dry mountains.

At other times, he conceives, the preffure of the water occafions it to break through into the cavities, thus made by previous eruptions: that, at others again, the violence of the fubterraneous explosions is fo great as to remove fuch mountains from one place to another; while the heat of the fubterraneous fires

It has been afferted by many, particularly by Doctor Tozzetti, an ingenious Florentine, that the fea is much calmer, or has lefs motion, at the bottom, than in any part nearer the surface.

is

is fo intense as to melt, calcine, or convert the adjacent substances into stone.

Againft this hypothefis, Meff. de Buffon and Hollman have raifed two confiderable difficulties. The one is, that the production of new mountains and islands is too rare a phenomenon to fupport fo general a theory. In reply to this objection, Mr. Rafpe fhews that fuch inftances are not fo rare and uncommon as is generally imagined; remarking that, altho' our obfervations are not fo general and numerous as could be wifhed, yet it is in-controvertible that there have been fome iflands newly generated in the fea, and that the continent which we inhabit, was anciently fubmarine. Now it is but reafonable to prefume, continues he, that both have been generated by the fame caufe.

This conclufion, indeed, is affected by the fecond objection of the Naturalifts above-mentioned, and particularly Mr. de Buffon, who affirms that the mountains and iflands thus newly formed are not compofed like others, of parallel ftrata; but are compounded of an irregular intermixture of heterogeneous materials. In answer to this, Mr. Rafpe obferves, that he fhould be glad to know which of those islands and mountains Mr. de Buffon actually examined, and on what authority he founds. fuch an affirmation. At the fame time, he affirms, and that upon unquestionable information, that fome of these modern islands have their regular ftrata and mountains like those of our continent. In the island of Santorin, for example, the mountain of St. Stephen confifts of fine white marble that burns into excellent lime; a certain proof that such part of the island hath never been expofed to the intenfe heat of fubterraneous fires. Tournefort and Coronelli both corroborate the truth of this circumftance. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for the year 1708, we have a defeription of a rock, or ifle, in the neighbourhood of Santorin, that appeared for the firft time in the preceeding year. Tournefort and Spon exprefly affert also that the ifland of Delos produces marble and granate.

On these, and other facts of the like nature, related on good authority, Mr. Rafpe proceeds to illuftrate the hypothefis he has adopted. He laments, however, the want of a fufficient number of obfervations and experiments, to confirm it in fo inconteftible a manner as he could wish; and he recommends the making accurate observations on such islands as have appeared in the prefent century, as well thofe which arofe in the Archipelago in 1707, as thofe near the Azores in 1720. In concurrence with this examination, he recommends alfo the profecution of the refearches, begun by Marfigli, Donati, and Sloane, into the nature of the bottom of the fea.

Lettres écrites de la Montagne. Par J. J. Rouffeau.

Letters written from the Mountains. By Mr. Rouffeau. 12mo, Printed at Amfterdam 1764, and imported by Becket and De Hondt.

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HERE are few countries in Europe, where religion hath not ferved as a pretext for the oppreffion of individuals, and the fubverfion of public freedom. In ancient times, when the characters of magiftrate and priest were united in the fame perfon, it is no wonder the cause of God was fo intimately blended with that of tyrants. At prefent, indeed, the characters are frequently divided, and the magiftrate hath got the upper hand of the priest. Their mutual importance, however, depends fo much on their union, that it is matter of little furprise to see them reciprocally fupport the pretenfions of each other to tyrannize over the confciences, and trample on the natural privileges of mankind.

It is fomething ftrange, nevertheless, that, while religious toleration feems to be gaining fome ground under the govern ment of arbitrary monarchs, and in countries where ecclefiaftical authority is ftill held to be infallible, we fhould fee perfecution erect its ftandard under governments that owe their very existence to liberty of confcience, and a zeal for the natural rights of a free people! It is very certain that the nature of civil polity, and the genuine fpirit of Chriftianity, were never fo generally known as in our own times. To what motive, then, can we impute that univerfal indifference and inactivity which prevails in almoft all nations, with regard to the encroachments which the prerogative of the magiftrate daily makes on the privileges of the people? Is it that the fpirit of true philofophy, and of genuine Chriftianity, induces men to bear patiently with political evils, rather than to exert themselves to re-. move them? Certain it is, that people are generally more zealous in a wrong caufe than in a right one, and that fanaticism and errour have been productive of more daring attempts, and greater revolutions in states, than ever were occafioned by the fimple dictates of religion and truth. However commendable may be a zeal for truth, it is feldom that truth alone infpires it. We cannot help thinking, indeed, that even Mr. Rouffeau himself hath appeared always too warmly attached to his own opinions; à circumftance that carries with it a fhrewd fufpicion, that he is either miftaken in his favourite doctrines, or that his paffion for fingularity hath greatly animated his zeal for truth. Be this, however, as it may, it is with fome fatisfaction we find the cafe of this opprefied and perfecuted republican fo greatly

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intereft the tolerating and difinterested part of most nations in Europe. The love of power is too natural, and the abuse of it too habitual, for us to expect that perfons actually concerned in the administration of states, fhould approve the fentiments or conduct of a Writer, who hath taken fo much pains to inftruct the common people of all nations, in the science of Government, and the fundamental principles of Society, Implicit obedience to magifterial authority, is to be exacted only by means of fuch myfterious ftate-craft, as keeps the subject ignorant of the imbecillity or iniquity of those who require it. Again, it is much lefs to be expected that the inferiour order of tyrants, the ecclefiaftics, who, to preserve a fubordinate power, pay the moft fervile obedience to their temporal fuperiours, hould be backward in animating the perfecuting fpirit of their mafters. With churchmen alfo, of whatever perfuafion, it appears ever to have been held as a maxim, that fchifm is worfe than infidelity; an heretic difturbing the form and discipline of religion (about which only they are folicitous) much more than a downright infidel. If this be not the cafe, how comes it that a Spinoza, an Hobbes, and others of the fame ftamp, have lived unmolefted and publifhed their Writings without interruption, in those countries, where mere Arians and Anti-trinitarians have at times been so severely chaftifed? When the famous Mr. Whifton was turned out of his profefforship at Cambridge, on account of his fcruples refpecting the divinity of our Saviour, it was whimsical enough to fee his place fupplied by a fucceffor who hardly believed in any Saviour at all.. We are told, in the Scriptures, refpecting the feverity of the Law, that if a man offend in one point he is guilty of all; but we cannot help thinking it a little hard to treat fuch offenders worse than thofe who profeffedly kick the law out of doors. Yet this appears to be the rock on which our Author hath fplit. He muft needs be a Chriftian truly, and of the reformed religion; at the same time profeffing fuch different tenets as feparately taken, might juftly have denominated him, according to his enemies, an infidel, or a Roman Catholic. If a man

Thus Jews, Turks, and Infidels, have been long permitted to publifh their writings freely in Holland, where Mr. Rouffeau's Emilius however has been fuppreffed. There was an inftance, indeed, fome years ago of the Dutch intolerance; but this was in a fingular case. Atheifts were permitted to write against the Being of a God with impunity; but it seems that one Bakker, a Minister of the Church, took it into his head to write against the existence of the Devil. This was ftriking at the root of the craft. The Clergy, to a man, took the alarm; and though poor Bakker denied the existence of a Devil in the other world, they foon convinced him of his errour, by playing the Devil with him in this.

were in ever fo fair a way for heaven, it is contrary to the very profeffion of fome ecclefiaftics to fuffer him unmolefted to purfue his journey, if his path be an hair's breadth out of a parallel with theirs. In the mean time they all very quietly permit people to take a contrary road, thro' as many turnings and windings as they please. Thus we find, among our millionaries for promoting Chriftian knowlege in the weft, that more pains are taken and more rejoicing made for the converfion of one diffenting fchifmatic to the epifcopal Church in NewEngland, than for the converfion of ninety-nine poor Indian heathens to Chriftianity in the wilds of America. This being notorioufly the cafe, both the political and religious motives of Mr. Rouffeau's perfecution, are very evident. What effect the fpirited remonstrances he hath made in the Letters before us, may have on his perfecutors, we know not; but this is certain, that this state of his cafe, and his animadverfions on the unprecedented feverity of the profecutions carried on against him, are worthy the attentive perufal of all who are in any degree folicitous about the prefervation of their civil and religious liberty. What has happened at Geneva may happen elfewhere; for Minifters both of the State and of the Church, are the fame in all countries. "I confefs," fays our ingenious Author, in the advertisement prefixed to thefe letters," that the fubjects of them are very unimportant to the public. The conftitution of a petty Republic, and the oppreffion of a mean individual, the detection of minifterial injuftice, and the refutation of a few fophifms, will poffibly attract an inconfiderable number of Readers; but if the fubjects themselves are mean, the objects to which they have a relation are great, and worth the attention of every man of probity. Setting Geneva and Rouffeau out of the queftion, I plead the cause of religion, of liberty, and of juftice: and who is there above being interested here!"

In the first letter, our Author curforily mentions the extraordinary proceedings of the Council of Geneva, in condemning his writings without citing him to any perfonal appearance, or hearing the defence he might have to make for himself; but it would be too tedious a task to pursue either his relation or remonstrances, ftep by step, through thefe letters, as he has obferved no certain method or connection. We fhall therefore content ourselves with a general intimation of the fubject of each, and the felection of fome of the moft ftriking paffages interfperfed throughout the whole.-In answer to the ac-, cufation laid against him, and charging him with attempting to fubvert religion, he avers, that, fo far from attacking the genuine principles of religion, he hath done his utmost endea

vours