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10 εἰς φάος, ὠσάμεναι κρατῶν ἄπο χερσὶ καλύπτρας. ἔνθα πύλαι νυκτός τε καὶ ἤματός εἰσι κελεύθων, καί σφας ὑπέρθυρον ἀμφὶς ἔχει καὶ λάινος οὐδός, αὐταὶ δ' αἰθέριαι πλῆνται μεγάλοισι θυρέτροις. τῶν δὲ Δίκη πολύποινος ἔχει κληῖδας ἀμοιβούς. 15 τὴν δὴ παρφάμεναι κουραι μαλακοῖσι λόγοισιν πεῖσαν ἐπιφραδέως, ὥς σφιν βαλανωτὸν ὀχῆα ἀπτερέως ὤσειε πυλέων ἄπο. ταὶ δὲ θυρέτρων χάσμ' ἀχανὲς ποίησαν ἀναπτάμεναι, πολυχάλκους ἄξονας ἐν σύριγξιν ἀμοιβαδὸν εἱλίξασαι,

20 γόμφοις καὶ περόνῃσιν ἀρηρότε· τῇ ῥα δι' αὐτῶν ἰθὺς ἔχον κοῦραι καθ ̓ ἁμαξιτὸν ἅρμα καὶ ἵππους. καί με θεὰ πρόφρων ὑπεδέξατο, χεῖρα δὲ χειρὶ δεξιτερὴν ἕλεν, ὧδε δ ̓ ἔπος φάτο καί με προσηύδα· ὦ κοῦρ ̓ ἀθανάτοισι συνήορος ἡνιόχοισιν, 25 ἵπποις ταί σε φέρουσιν ἱκάνων ἡμέτερον δῶ,

χαῖρ ̓, ἐπεὶ οὔτι σε μοῖρα κακὴ προύπεμπε νέεσθαι τήνδ' ὁδόν· ἡ γὰρ ἀπ' ἀνθρώπων ἐκτὸς πάτου ἐστίν· ἀλλὰ θέμις τε δίκη τε. χρέω δέ σε πάντα πυθέσθαι, ἠμὲν ἀληθείης εὐπειθέος ἀτρεμὲς ἦτορ,

30 ἠδὲ βρότων δόξας τῇς οὐκ ἔνι πίστις ἀληθής.

ἀλλ' ἔμπης καὶ ταῦτα μαθήσεαι, ὡς τὰ δοκοῦντα χρὴ δοκίμως κρῖναι· διὰ παντὸς πάντα περῶντα.

τὰ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν.

εἴ δ' ἄγ', ἐγὼν ἐρέω, κόμισαι δὲ σὺ μῦθον ἀκούσας, αἵπερ ὁδοὶ μοῦναι διζήσιος εἰσι νοῆσαι.

35 ἡ μὲν ὅπως ἔστιν τε καὶ ὡς οὐκ ἔστι μὴ εἶναι

33-40. Prokl. Tim. 105 B. Plot. Ennead. v. 1, 8, p. 489;

V. 33: MSS. ἄγε τῶν,

35-40. Simpl. Phys. 25 r 116, 28. 40b. Clem. Al. Strom. 749.

corr. Karsten. V. 34: MSS. μοῦσαι, corr. Brandis. V. 38: Prokl. δ' ἤτοι: Simpl. παναπευθέα, Stein παναπειθῆ, text follows Prokl. V. 39 Prokl. ἐφικτόν, text follows. Simpl. Stein compares Simpl. D 109, 24; 111, 25.

10 to the light, leaving the realms of night, pushing aside with the hand the veils from their heads. There is the gate between the ways of day and night; lintel above it, and stone threshold beneath, hold it in place, and high in air it is fitted with great doors; retributive Justice holds the keys that open and 15 shut them.' However, the maidens addressed her with mild words, and found means to persuade her to thrust back speedily for them the fastened bolt from the doors; and the gate swinging free made the opening wide, turning in their sockets the bronze 20 hinges, well fastened with bolts and nails; then through this the maidens kept horses and chariot straight on the high-road. The goddess received me with kindness, and, taking my right hand in 25 hers, she addressed me with these words :-Youth joined with drivers immortal, who hast come with the horses that bear thee, to our dwelling, hail! since no evil fate has bid thee come on this road (for it lies far outside the beaten track of men), but right and justice. 'Tis necessary for thee to 30 learn all things, both the abiding essence of persuasive truth, and men's opinions in which rests no true belief. But nevertheless these things also thou shalt learn, since it is necessary to judge accurately the things that rest on opinion, passing all things carefully in review.

CONCERNING TRUTH.

Come now I will tell thee-and do thou hear my word and heed it-what are the only ways of 35 enquiry that lead to knowledge. The one way,

1 Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. iii. p. 173.

πειθοῦς ἐστι κέλευθος, ἀληθείη γὰρ ὀπηδεῖ·

ἡ δ ̓ ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν τε καὶ ὡς χρεών ἐστι μὴ εἶναι τὴν δή τοι φράζω παναπειθέα ἔμμεν ἀταρπόν· οὔτε νὰρ ἂν γνοίης τό γε μὴ ἐόν· οὐ γὰρ ἀνυστόν· 40 οὔτε φράσαις. τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ νοεῖν ἐστίν τε καὶ εἶναι.

ξυνὸν δέ μοί ἐστιν,

ὁππόθεν ἄρξωμαι, τόθι γὰρ πάλιν ἕξομαι αὖθις.

χρὴ τὸ λέγειν τε νοεῖν τ ̓ ἐὸν ἔμμεναι. ἔστι γὰρ εἶναι,

μηδὲν δ' οὐκ εἶναι, τά σ' ἐγὼ φράζεθαι ἄνωγα,

45 πρώτης γάρ σ' ἀφ ̓ ὁδοῦ ταύτης διζήσιος < εἴργω > αὐτὰρ ἔπειτ' ἀπὸ τῆς, ἣν δὴ βροτοὶ εἰδότες οὐδὲν πλάζονται δίκρανοι· ἀμηχανίη γὰρ ἐν αὐτῶν στήθεσιν ἰθύνει πλαγκτὸν νόον· οἱ δὲ φορεῦνται κωφοὶ ὁμῶς τυφλοί τε τεθηπότες ἄκριτα φύλα, 50 οἷς τὸ πέλειν τε καὶ οὐκ εἶναι τὠυτὸν νενόμισται κοὐ τὠυτόν, πάντων δὲ παλίντροπος ἐστι κέλευθος. οὐ γὰρ μή ποτε τοῦτο δαμῇ, φησιν, εἶναι μὴ ἐόντα ἀλλὰ σὺ τῆσδ ̓ ἀφ ̓ ὁδοῦ διζήσιος εἶργε νόημα

41-42. Prokl. Parm. ii. 120 ; Vulg. ἄρξομαι corr. Karst.

43-51. Simpl. Phys. 25 r 117, 4. 43–44. Ibid. 19 r 86, 27. 45. Cf. Ibid. 17 r 78, 6. 50. Ibid. 17 r 78, 3.

V. 43: Η τέον, aDE (19: 86) τὸ ὄν. V. 44: MSS. (19 : 86) and a (25 : 117) : D μὴ δὲ οἶδ', Ε οἶδ ̓, Ε μὴ δέοι δ' : f εἶναι, DEF (25: 117) ἔστι. V. 45: Diels supplies εἴργω, Stein concludes the line like v. 52. V. 47 DEF πλάττονται, text follows a. Vv. 50, 51: Diels ταὐτόν.

53-58a follow 1-32 in Sext. Emp. 52-53. Plato, Soph. 237 a, 258 D; Arist. Met. xiii. 1089 a; Simpl. Phys. 29 v 135, 21; 31 r 143, 31; 53 v 244, 1. 53. Simpl. Phys. 11 r 78, 6; 152 v 650, 13. 54-56. Diog. Laer. ix. 22.

V. 52 : Plato, τοῦτ ̓ οὐδαμῇ, Arist. τοῦτο δαῇς Simpl. δαμή, corr. Stein. Karsten omits v. 52. V. 55: Bergk εὔσκοπον. V. 56: CRV κρίνε, G κριναν : L πολύπειρον. Vulg. λόγῳ, corr. Burnet. Stein rejects v. 53, and transfers 54-57a to the prooemium following 32.

assuming that being is and that it is impossible for it not to be, is the trustworthy path, for truth attends it. The other, that not-being is and that it necessarily is, I call a wholly incredible course, 40 since thou canst not recognise not-being (for this is impossible), nor couldst thou speak of it, for thought and being are the same thing.

It makes no difference to me at what point I begin, for I shall always come back again to this.

It is necessary both to say and to think that being is; for it is possible that being is, and it is impos45 sible that not-being is; this is what I bid thee

ponder. I restrain thee from this first course of investigation; and from that course also along which mortals knowing nothing wander aimlessly, since helplessness directs the roaming thought in their bosoms, and they are borne on deaf and like50 wise blind, amazed, headstrong races, they who consider being and not-being as the same and not the same; and that all things follow a back-turning course.1

1

That things which are not are, shall never prevail, she said, but do thou restrain thy mind from this course of investigation.

Stein, Symbol. p. 782; Bernays, Rhein. Mus. vii. 115; Zeller, 738 and n. 1.

μηδέ σ ̓ ἔθος πολύπειρον ὁδὸν κατὰ τήνδε βιάσθω 55 νωμᾶν ἄσκοπον ὄμμα καὶ ἠχήεσσαν ἀκουήν

καὶ γλῶσσαν, κρῖναι δὲ λόγων πολύδηριν ἔλεγχον ἐξ ἐμέθεν ῥηθέντα. μόνος δ' ἔτι μῦθος ὁδοῖο λείπεται, ὡς ἔστιν. ταύτῃ δ' ἐπὶ σήματ' ἔασι πολλὰ μάλ', ὡς ἀγένητον ἐὸν καὶ ἀνώλεθρόν ἐστιν, 60 οὖλον μουνογενές τε καὶ ἀτρεμὲς ἠδ ̓ ἀτέλεστον. οὐδέ ποτ' ἦν οὐδ ̓ ἔσται ἐπεὶ νῦν ἔστιν ὁμοῦ πᾶν, ἕν, ξυνεχές· τίνα γὰρ γένναν διζήσεαι αὐτοῦ; πῇ πόθεν αὐξηθέν; οὔτ ̓ ἐκ μὴ ἐόντος ἐάσω φάσθαι σ' οὐδὲ νοεῖν· 65 ἐστὶν ὅπως οὐκ ἔστι.

οὐ γὰρ φατὸν οὐδὲ νοητὸν τί δ' ἄν μιν καὶ χρέος ὦρσεν, ὕστερον ἢ πρόσθεν τοῦ μηδενὸς ἀρξάμενον φῦν ; οὕτως ἢ πάμπαν πέλεναι χρεών ἐστιν ἢ οὐχί. οὐδέ ποτ' ἔκ πῃ ἐόντος ἐφήσει πίστιος ἰσχύς γίνεσθαί τι παρ' αὐτό· τοῦ εἵνεκεν οὔτε γενέσθαι 70 οὔτ ̓ ὄλλυσθαι ἀνῆκε Δίκη χαλάσασα πέδησιν ἀλλ' ἔχει.

[ἡ δὲ κρίσις περὶ τούτων ἐν τῷδ' ἔνεστιν]

57 b-112 (except 90–93). Simpl. Phys. 31: 145–146. 57 b-59. Ibid. 31 r 142, 34. 57 b-70. Ibid. 17 r 78, 12. 59-60. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 716; Euseb. Praep. xiii. 680 c. 59-61. Simpl. Phys. 7 r 30, 1. 60. Plut. adv. Col. 1114 D; Euseb. Praep. i. 23; Theod. Ther. Ser. iv. 7; Phil. Phys. B5r: 65; Simpl. de Caelo 557, 17; Phys. 26 r 120, 23. 60a. Simpl. Phys. 19 r 87, 21; Plut. Strom. 5; Dox. 580. 61. Ammon. on Herm. D 7 (= Cramer A. P. 1388); Philop. Phys. 5 r: 65; Prokl. Parm. iv. 62. 62-66. Simpl. Phys. 34 ν 162, 18. 62-65. Simpl. de Caelo, 137, 1.

V. 57: Stein μόνης: V δέ τι, CH δὲ τοι, FG δέ γε. V. 60 : Plut. Strom. 5 reads μοῦνον for οὖλον: a (17: 78) ἀτέλευτον, MSS. (26: 120) and Dox. 284 and 580 ἀγένητον. V. 62: Η διζήσεται. V. 66: D (31: 145) μηδαμῶς: Ε (31: 145) αὐξάμενον: Da (17: 78) a (31: 145) pûvai, E pûv. Cf. Stein, p. 786. V. 68: MSS. ἔκ γε μὴ ὄντος, DE om. γε, Karst. ἐκ τοῦ ἐόντος, Stein ἔκη γε πέλοντος. Corr. Diels, paraphrasing Simpl. 78, 27. V. 70: EF Bergk, Diels πέδησιν. V. 71b: v. Stein, Symbol. 787. V. 73: DE ἀνόνητον; text follows F. V. 75 : MSS. ἔπειτα πέλοι το, corr. Karsten, Stein ἀπόλοιτο πέλον : MSS. ἄν, corr. Stein. V. 76: ΕF ἐγένετ', D ἔγετ', corr. Bergk.

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