tibility of education equally distinguishable also. Similar remarks are applicable to the ape species generally; but as no other variety is equal in form, and particularly in the shape and size of the forehead, to the ouran-outang, it would be in vain to look for similar mental manifestations, or that susceptibility of education which distinguishes the latter.

Descending the chain of animated nature, we arrive next at the baboon class. The common baboon is found in the hottest parts of Africa, and also in the island of Borneo, as well as upon the Asiatic continent. One of the varieties of this species grows to a large size. I saw one of these animals a few years ago at Liverpool, that had lately arrived from Africa, which, when standing erect, measured five feet seven inches in height; it was excessively strong and muscular, particularly in its upper parts; and though it had been taught some tricks, such as sitting in a chair, smoking a pipe, &c., yet it appeared extremely savage, and on the appearance of a female, it shook the bars of its cage with ungovernable and ferocious excitement. To the male spectators, he uniformly presented an ill-natured and threatening aspect, jerking his head upwards, and threatening every one that came within his reach. I never recollect an animal whose aspect was more disgusting. Its forehead was not distinguished by that frontal elevation for which the ouranoutang is so remarkable, while the lower part of its countenance was much more elongated, with enormous lateral elevations, ribbed, and of a blue

colour, which gave it not merely a grotesque, but a hideous, appearance. The formation of the head of this creature differed very much from that of the ouran-outang in its posterior conformation, or that part (behind and above the ears) to which phrenologists assign the organs of combativeness and destructiveness: these parts presented a degree of elevation something similar to what is observable in the bull-dog; and it must be confessed, that its mental manifestations were precisely in consonance with the celebral development of this part of the animal's cranium. This baboon was further distinguishable from the ouranoutang, and from the ape species in general, by a short tail, which is common to its class.

We are told, that in Siam baboons frequently sally forth in astonishing numbers to attack the villages during the time the labourers are occupied in the rice harvest, and plunder the habitations of whatever provisions they can find. Fruit, corn, and roots, form their principal food, in obtaining which they sometimes commit incredible mischief. In a state of captivity, they will eat meat and eggs, and are very fond of wine and spirits.

Baboons appear in great numbers in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope: they associate in troops, but seldom descend from their heights, except for the purpose of plundering the gardens which lie near the foot of the mountains; and while they are engaged in these depredations, they very sagaciously place sentinels for the purpose of preventing surprise. If the sentinel per

ceives the approach of a human being, he gives the signal (a loud yell), when the whole troop retreat with the utmost expedition, the young jumping on and clinging to the backs of their mothers.

It seems these baboons may be rendered docile, but always retain the disposition to revenge an injury. Kolben tells us, that at the Cape of Good Hope, they are often taken young, and brought up with milk, &c., and that they will become as watchful as possible over their master's property. They attain the height of five feet, and are able, in spite of resistance, to drag the strongest man along with them."

I give the following anecdote from memory; I have read it in some publication, I believe in Shipp's Memoirs.-The barracks at the Cape of Good Hope were situated at the foot of a mountain, which formed the residence of a troop of large baboons; and the latter, if any attempt were made to approach their elevated habitation, would throw down stones at the intruder, as well as roll larger ones down the sides of the mountain. These creatures displayed uncommon dexterity and cunning in their marauding expeditions; but it so happened that a soldier, in the dusk of the evening, met one of these animals coming out of the barracks, and immediately seized it, and some of his comrades coming to his assistance the thief was secured. These baboons had grey beards, which gave them not only a grotesque, but also a venerable appearance; the soldiers, therefore, by way of frolic,

shaved the captive, and the next morning gave him his liberty; but his old associates would no longer acknowledge his acquaintance. As the disfigured baboon proceeded to ascend the mountain to his long accustomed haunts, he was met by the troop, who opposed his progress, and constrained him to quit the society altogether. The forlorn creature re-entered the barracks of his own accord, and became an inmate.

Inferior to the ouran-outang in the form of the head, its intellectual capacity is found in precise correspondence; and although it may be taught much that shows a great degree of perception and power of reflection, yet it is incapable of those acquirements which the ouran-outang attains with facility and ease.

It is not necessary for the object I have in view to trace the gradations of intellect, and consequent capacity for education, throughout the almost endless varieties of the monkey tribe; having described the capacities of the two first species, I must further observe, that as a genus they approach the nearest to man in the powers of the mind, and that we should find, if we traced every ramification, the intellectual manifestation exactly in accordance with the frontal cerebral development. The dispositions and feelings of animals will be found to correspond with the form and size of the brain, as a necessary consequence.

CHAPTER V.

The Elephant.-The Quadrupedal Tribe.

FROM the quadrumanous tribe we descend to quadrupeds, at the head of which in bulk, if not in beauty, must be placed the elephant; beyond all question, the most intellectual of all four-footed animals. Can any physiognomist, or even an ordinary observer, look at the countenance of this huge creature, and not be convinced that the superiority of its understanding is impressively indicated by its very intelligent eye? Let us just glance at the form of the elephant's head, the frontal or forehead; can we find another specimen of the quadrupedal genus with so obvious, and indeed so great a development of intellectual capacity, of the organs of causality and comparison, and also those of imitation, as this animal? How far his mental manifestations (to use the language of phrenology) may correspond with his cerebral development, may be gathered from the following anecdotes :—

The author of Lacon,' already noticed in the commencement of this work, asserted, that phrenology was too contemptible for consideration, and that

no sound philosopher will confound instinct with reason;" meaning, in the first case, that phrenology was altogether delusive, and that human nature only possessed reason; yet, in defiance of his inveterate prejudice, he controverts his own position in