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What! you (she cried) unlearn'd in arts to please,
Slaves to yourselves, and even fatigu'd with ease,
Who lose a length of undeserving days-
Would you usurp the lover's dear-bought praise?
To just contempt, ye vain pretenders, fall;
The people's fable and the scorn of all!
Straight the black clarion sends a horrid sound,
Loud laughs burst out, and bitter scoffs fly round;
Whispers are heard, with taunts reviling loud,
And scornful hisses run thro' all the crowd.
Last, those who boast of mighty mischiefs done,
Enslave their country, or usurp a throne;
Or who their glory's dire foundation laid
On sov reigns ruin'd, or on friends betray'd;
Calm thinking villaius, whom no faith could fix,
Of crooked counsels and dark polities —
Of these a gloomy tribe surround the throne,
And beg to make th' immortal treasons known.
The trumpet roars, long fleaky flames expire,
With sparks that seem'd to set the world on fire.
At the dread sound pale mortals stood aghast,
And startled nature trembled with the blast.
This having heard and seen, some pow'r un-
known,

Strait changed the scene, and snatch'd me from
the throne.

Before my view appear'd a structure fair,
Its site uncertain, if in earth or air;
With rapid motion turn'd the mansion round;
With ceaseless noise the ringing walls resound;
Not less in number were the spacious doors
Than leaves on trees, or sands upon the shores;
Which still unfolded stand, by night, by day,
Pervious to winds, and open ev'ry way.
As flames by nature to the skies ascend,
As weighty bodies to the centre tend,
As to the sea returning rivers roll,
And the touch'd needle trembles to the pole;
Hither, as to their proper place, arise
All various sounds from earth, and seas, and skies,
Or spoke aloud, or whisper'd in the car;'
Nor ever silence, rest, of peace is here.
As on the smooth expanse of crystal lakes
The sinking stone at first a circle makes;
The trembling surface, by the motion stirr'd,
Spreads in a second circle, then a third;
Wide, and more wide, the floating rings advance,
Fill all the wat'ry plain, and to the margin dance:
Thus ev'ry voice and sound, when first they break,
On neighb'ring air a soft impression make;
Another ambient circle then they move;
That, in its turn, impels the next above;
Thro' undulating air the sounds are sent,
And spread o'er all the fluid element.

There various news I heard of love and strife, Of peace and war, health, sickness, death, and life;

Of loss and gain, of famine and of store;
Of storms and sea, and travels on the shore;
Of prodigies, and pertents seen in air;
Of fires and plagues, and stars with blazing hair:
Of turns of fortune, changes in the state;
'The falls of favorites, projects of the great;
Of old mismanagements, taxations new:
All neither wholly false, nor wholly true.

Above, below, withont, within, around,
Confus'd, unnumber'd multitudes are found,
Who pass, repass, advance, and glide away;
Hosts rais'd by fear, and phantoms of a day:
Astrologers, that future fates foreshew;
Projectors, quacks, and lawyers not a few;
And priest, and party zealots, numerous bands,
With home-born lies, or tales from foreign lands;
Each talk'd aloud, or in some secret place;'
And wild impatience star'd in ev'ry face.
The flying rumors gather'd as they roll'd,
Scarce any tale was sooner heard than told;
And all who told it added something new,
And all who heard it made enlargements too
In ev'ry ear it spread, on ev'ry tongue it grew,
Thus flying east and west, and north and south,
News travell'd with increase from mouth to
mouth.

So from a spark that kindled first by chance,
With gath'ring force the quick'ning flames
advance;

Till to the clouds their curling heads aspire,
And tow'rs and temples sink in floods of fire.

When thus ripe lies are to perfection sprung,
Full grown, and fit to grace a mortal tongue,
Thro' thousand vents impatient, forth they flow,
And rush in millions on the world below;
Fame sits aloft, and points them out their course,
Theirdate determines, and prescribes their force;
Some to retain, and some to perish soon;
Or wane and wax alternate like the moon.
Around a thousand winged wonders fly, [sky.
Borne by the trumpet's blast, and scatter'd thro' the

There, at one passage, oft you may survey
A lie and truth contending for the way;
And long 'twas doubtful, both so closely pent,
Which, first should issue thro' the narrow vent:
At last agreed, together out they fly,
Inseparable now the truth and lie;
The strict companions are for ever join'd,
And this or that unmix'd no mortal e'er shall find.

While thus I stood, intent to see and hear,
One came, methought, and whisper'd in my ear:
What could thus high thy rash ambition raise?
Art thou, fond youth, a candidate for praise?

Tis true, said I, not void of hopes I came,
For who so fond as youthful bards of Fame?
But few, alas! the casual blessing boast,
So hard to gain, so easy to be lost.
How vain that second life in others' breath,
Th' estate which wits inherit after death!
Ease, health, and life, for this they must resign;
Unsure the tenure, but how vast the fine!
The great man's curse, without the gains, endure:
Be envied, wretched--and be flatter'd, poor;
All luckless wits their enemies profest,
And all successful, jealous friends at best.
Nor fame I slight, nor for her favors call ;
She comes unlook'd for, if she comes at all.
But if the purchase cost so dear a price
As soothing folly, or exalting vice;
Oh! if the Muse must flatter lawless sway,
And follow still where fortune leads the way;
Or if no basis bear any rising name
But the fallen ruins of another's fame-

Then

Then teach me, Heaven! to scorn the guilty bays,
Drive from my breast that wretched lust of praise,
Unblemish'd let me live, or die unknown ;
Oh grant an honest fame, or grant me none !

§15. The happy Life of a Country Parson. Pope.
In Imitation of Dr. Swift.

PARSON, these things in thy possessing
Are better than the Bishop's blessing-
A Wife that makes conserves; a Steed
That carries double when there's need;
October's store, and best Virginia;
Tythe-Pig, and mortuary Guinea;
Gazettes sent gratis down; and frank'd,
For which thy patron's weekly thank'd;
A large Concordance, bound long since;
Serinons to Charles the First when Prince;
A Chronicle of antient standing;

A Chrysostom to smooth thy band in.
The Polyglott-three parts-my text,
Howbeit-likewise-now to my next.
Lo! here the Septuagint-and Paul,
To sum the whole-the close of all.
He that has these, may pass his life,
Drink with the Squire, and kiss his Wife;
On Sundays preach, and eat his fill;
And fast on Fridays--if he will:
Toast Church and Queen, explain the News,
Talk with Churchwardens about pews,
Pray heartily for some new Gift,
And shake his head at Dr. St.

§ 16. An Essay on Man. In Four Epistles. Pope.
To H. St. John Lord Bolingbroke.
EPISTLE I.

ARGUMENT.

Of the Nature and State of Man with respect to the Universe.

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the bodily qualifications of the Brutes; though to possess any of the sensitive faculties in a higher degree would render him miserable. — That throughout the whole visible world an universal order and gradation in the sensual and mental faculties is observed, which causes a subordination of creature to creature, and of all creatures to Man. The gradations of sense, instinct, thought, reflection, reason; that Reason alone countervails all the other faculties. How much farther this order and subordination of living creatures may extend above and below us; were any part of which broken, not that part only, but the whole connected creation must be destroyed.-The extravagance, inadness, and pride of such a desire.

The consequence of all the absolute submis sion due to Providence, both as to our present and future state.

AWAKE my Saint John! leave all meaner

things

To low ambition and the Pride of Kings.
Let us, since life can little more supply
Than just to look about us, and to die,
Expatiate free o'er all this scene of Man;
A mighty maze! but not without a plan; [shoot;
A Wild, where weeds and flow'rs promiscuous
Or Garden, tempting with forbidden fruit.
Together let us beat this ample field,
Try what the open, what the covert yield!
The latent tracts, the giddy heights explore,
Of all who blindly creep, or sightless soar;
Eye Nature's walks, shoot Folly as it flies,
And catch the manners living as the rise;
Laugh where we must, be candid where we can,
But vindicate the ways of God to Man;

Say first, of God above, or Man below, What can we reason, but from what we know? Of Man, what see we but his station here, From which to reason, or to which refer? Through worlds unnumber'd tho' the God be Of Man in the abstract. That we can judge Tis ours to trace him only in our own. [known, only with regard to our own system, being ig- He who thro' vast immensity can pierce, norant of the relations of systems and things. See worlds on worlds compose one universe, That Man is not to be deemed imperfect, but Observe how system into system runs, a Being suited to his place and rank in the What other planets circle other suns, creation, agreeable to the general Order of What varied Being peoples ev'ry star, things, and conformable to Ends and Relations May tell why Heaven has made us as we are. to him unknown. That it is partly upon his But of this frame the bearings and the ties, ignorance of future events, and partly upon The strong connexions, nice dependencies, the hope of a future state, that all his hap-Gradations just, has thy pervading soul piness in the present depends.-The pride of Look'd thro'? or can a part contain the whole? ciming at more knowledge, and pretending to Is the great chain that draws all to agree, more perfection, the cause of Mun's error and And drawn supports, upheld by God or thee? misery. The impiety of putting himself in the Presumptuous Man! the reason would'st thou find place of God, and judging of the fitness or Why form'd so weak, so little, and so blind? unfitness, perfection or imperfection, justice or First if thou canst, the harder reason guess, injustice, of his dispensations.-The absurdity Why form'd no weaker, blinder, and no less; of conceiting himself the final cause of the cre- Ask of thy mother earth, why oaks are made ation, or expecting that perfection in the moral Taller and stronger than the weeds they shade world which is not in the natural. The Or ask of yonder argent fields above, unreasonableness of his complaints against Pro- Why Jove's Satellites are less than Jove. vidence, while on the one hand he demands Of systems possible, if 'tis confest the perfections of the Angels, and on the other That Wisdom infinite must form the best,

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Where

Where all must fall or not coherent be,
And all that rises rise in due degree;
Then in the scale of reas'ning life, 'tis plain,
There must be somewhere such a rank as Man:
And all the question (wrangle e'er so long)
Is only this, if God has plac'd him wrong?

|Go, wiser thou! and in thy scale of sense
Weigh thy Opinion against Providence ;
Call imperfection what thou fanciest such;
Say, here he gives too little, there too much :
Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust;
Yet cry, if Man's unhappy, God's unjust;
If Man alone engross not Heaven's high care,
Alone inade perfect here, immortal there:
Snatch from his hand the balance and the rod,
Re-judge his justice, be the G d of God.
In Pride, in reas'ning Pride our error lies;
All quit their sphere, and rush into the skies.
Pride is still aiming at the blest abodes ;
Men would be Angels, Angels would be Gods.
Aspiring to be Gods, if Angels fell,
Aspiring to be Angels, Men rebel :
And who but wishes to invert the laws
Of Order, sins against th' Eternal Cause.
Ask for what end the heavenly bodies shine,
Earth for whose use ? Pride answers, ""Tis for
"mine :

Respecting Man, whatever wrong we call,
May, inust be right, as relative to all.
In human works, tho' labor'd on with pain,
A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain;
In God's, one single can its ends produce,
Yet serves to second too some other use;
So Man, who here seems principal alone,
Perhaps acts second to some sphere unknown,
Touches some wheel, or verges to some goal;
"Tis but a part we see, and not a whole. [strains
When the proud Steed shall know why man re-
His fiery course, or drives him o'er the plains,
When the dull Ox, why now he breaks the clod,
Is now a victim, and now Egypt's God;
Then shall Man's pride and dulness comprehend
His actions', passions', being's, use and end;
Why, doing, suff'ring, check'd, impell'd, and why"
This hour a slave, the next a deity.

Then say not Man's imperfect, Heaven in
Say rather, Man's as perfect as he ought: [fault;
His knowledge measur'd to his state and place,
His time a nioment, and a point his space.

Heaven from all creatures hides the book of Fate,
All but the page prescrib'd, their present state;
From brates what men, from inen what spirits
Or who could suffer Being here below; [know;
The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day;
Had he thy Reason, would he skip and play?
Pleas'd to the last, he crops the flow'ry food,
And licks the hand just rais'd to shed his blood.
Oh blindless to the future! kindly given,

"For me kind Nature wakes her genial pow'r, Suckles each herb, and spreads out ev'ry flow'r, "Annual for me the grape, the rose, renew

The juice nectareous, and the balmy dew; "For me the mine a thousand treasures brings, "For me health gushes from a thousand springs, "Seas roll to waft me, suns to light me rise;

66

My footstool earth, my canopy the skies.”

But errs not Nature from this gracious end, From burning suns when livid deaths descend, When earthquakes swallow or when tempests sweep

Towns to one grave, whole Nations to the deep? "No ('tis replied); the first Almighty Cause "Acts not by partial but by gen'ral laws; [gan: "Th' exceptions few; some change since all be

That each may fill the circle mark'd by Heaven;" And what created perfect?"-Why then man?
Who sees with equal eye, as God of all,
A hero perish, or a sparrow fall;
Atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd;
And now a bubble burst, and now a world. [soar;
Hope humbly then; with trembling pinions
Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore.
What future bliss he gives not thee to know;
But gives that Hope to be thy blessing now;
Hope springs eternal in the human breast:
Man never Is but always, To be blest.
The soul uneasy, and confin'd from home,
Rests and expatiates in a life to come

Lo! the poor Indian, whose untutor'd mind
Secs God in clouds, or hears him in the wind;
His son! proud Science never taught to stray
Far as the solar walk, or milky way;
Yet simple Nature to his hope has given,
Behind the cloud-topt hill, an humbler heaven;
Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd,
Some happier island in the wat'ry waste;
Where slaves once more their native land behold,
No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.
To Be, contents his natural desire,
He asks no Angel's wing, no Seraph's fire;
But thinks, admitted to that equal sky,
His faithful dog shall bear him company.

If the great end be human Happiness,
Then Nature deviates; and can Man do less?
As much that end a constant course requires
Of show'rs and sunshine, as of Man's desires;
As much eternal springs and cloudless skies,
As men for ever temp'rate, calm, and wise.
If plagues or earthquakes break not Heaven's
Why then a Borgia or a Cataline? [design,
Whoknowsbuthewhose handthelightning forms,
Who heaves old ocean, and who wings the storms,
Pours fierce Ambition in a Cæsar's mind, [kind?
Or turns young Ammon loose to scourge man-
From pride, from pride, our very reas'ning springs;
Account for moral as for nat ral things;
Why charge we Heaven in those, in these acquit,
In both, to reason right, is to subinit.
Better for us, perhaps, it might appear,
Were there all harmony, all virtue here;
That never air or ocean felt the wind;
That never passion discompos'd the mind.
But all subsists by elemental strife;
And passions are the elements of Life.
The gen'ral Order, since the Whole began,
Is kept in Nature, and is kept in Man.

What would this Man? Now upward will he
And, little less than Angel, woukl be more: [soar,

New

Now, looking downward, just as griev'd appears | Beast, bird, fish, insect, what no eye can see,
To want the strength of bulls, the fur of bears.No glass can reach; from Infinite to thee,
Made for his use all creatures if he call,
Say what the use, had he the pow'rs of all?
Nature to these, without profusion kind,
The proper organs, proper pow'rs assign'd;
Each seeming want compensated of course,
Here with degrees of swiftness, there of force;
All in exact proportion to the state:
Nothing to add, and nothing to abate :
Each beast, each insect, happy in its own:
Is Heaven unkind to Man, and Man alone?
Shall he alone, whom rational we call,
Be pleas'd with nothing, if not blest with all?
The bliss of man, (could Pride that blessing
Is not to act or think beyond mankind: [find)
No pow'rs of body or of soul to share,
But what his nature and his state can bear.
Why has not man a microscopic eye?
For this plain reason, Man is not a fly.
Say, what the use, were finer optics given,
Tinspect a mite, not comprehend the heaven?
Or touch, if tremblingly alive all o'er,
To smart and agonise at every pore?
Or, quick effluvia darting thro' the brain,
Die of a rose in aromatic pain,

From thee to Nothing. On superior pow'rs
Were we to press, inferior might on ours;
Or in the full creation leave a void,
Where, one step broken, the great scale's de-
stroy'd:

If Nature thunder'd in his opening cars,
And stunn'd him with the music of the spheres,
How would he wish that Heav'n had left him still
The whispering Zephyr, and the purling rill!
Who finds not Providence all good and wise,
Alike in what it gives and what denies?

Far as Creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual, mental pow'rs ascends:
Mark how it mounts to Man's imperial race,
From the green myriads in the peopled grass:
What modes of sight betwixt cach wide extreme,
The mole's dim curtain, and the lynx's beam!
Of smell, the headlong lioness between,
And hound sagacious on the tainted green!
Of hearing, from the life that fills the flood,
To that which warbles through the vernal wood!
The spider's touch, how exquisitely fine!
Feels at each thread, and lives along the line
In the nice bee what sense so subtly true
From pois'nous herbs extracts the healing dew?
How instinct varies in the grov'ling swine,
Compar'd, half-reasoning elephant, with thine!
Twixt that and Reason what a nice barrier!
For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near !
Remembrance and Reflection how allied,
What thin partitions Sense from Thought divide!
And middle natures how they long to join,
Yet never pass th' insuperable line!
Without this just gradation could they be
Subjected, these to those, or all to thee?
The powers of all, subdued by thee alone,
Is not thy Reason all these pow'rs in one?

See thro' this air, this ocean, and this earth,
All matter quick, and bursting into birth.
Above, how high progressive life may go!
Around, how wide! how deep extend below!
Vast chain of being! which from God began;
Natures ethereal, human, angel, man,

From Nature's chain whatever link you strike,
Tenth, or ten-thousandth, breaks thechain alike.
And, if each symptom in gradation roll
Alike essential to the amazing Whole,
The least confusion but in one, not all
That system only, but the whole must fall.
Let earth unbalanc'd from her orbit fly,
Planets and Suns run lawless thro' the sky;
Let ruling Angels from their spheres be hurl'd,
Being on Being wreck'd, and world on world;
Heaven's whole foundations to their centre nod,
And Nature tremble to the throne of God:
All this dread Order break-for whom? for thee?
Vile worn?-oh madness, pride, impiety!

What if the foot, ordain'd the dust to tread,
Or hand, to toil, aspir'd to be the head?
What if the head, the eye, or ear repin'd
To serve mere engines to the ruling mind?
Just as absurd for any part to claim
To be another, in this gen'ral frame;
Just as absurd to mourn the tasks or pains
The great directing Mind of all ordains.

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All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
Whose body Nature is, and God the Soul;
That, chang'd thro' all, and yet in all the same,
Great in the earth as in th' ethereal frame;
Warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze,
Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees;
Lives thro' all life, extends thro' all extent;
Spreads undivided, operates unspent ;
Breathes in our soul, inforins our mortal part,
As full, as perfect, in a hair as heart;
As full, as perfect, in vile Man that mourns,
As the rapt Seraph that adores and burns:
To him no high, no low, no great, no small;
He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all.

Cease then, nor Order Imperfections name:
Our proper bliss depends on what we blame.
Know thy own point: this kind, this due degree
Of blindness, weakness, Heaven bestows on thee.
Subinit-in this, or any other sphere,
Secure to be as blest as thou canst bear:
Safe in the hand of one disposing Pow'r,
Or in the natal, or the mortal hour.
All Nature is but art unknown to thee;
All Chance, Direction which thou canst not see;
All Discord, Harmony not understood;
All partial Evil, universal Good:

And spite of Pride, in erring Reason's spite,
One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.
EPISTLE

ARGUMENT.

II.

Of the Nature and State of Man with respect to
Himself, as an Individual.

The Business of Man not to pry into God but to
study Himself. His Middle Nature; his

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Then see how little the remaining sum,
Which serv'd the past, and must the time to come!
Two Principles in human nature reign;
Self-love to urge, and Reason to restrain:
Nor this a good, for that a bad we call;
Each works its end, to move or govern all :
And to their proper operation still
Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill.

Powers and Frailties. - The Limits of his Deduct but what is Vanity or Dress, Capacity. The two Principles of Man, Self-Or Learning's Luxury or idleness; love and Reason, both necessary. Self-love Or tricks to show the stretch of human brain, the stronger, and why. — Their end the same. Mere curious pleasure, or ingenious pain; -The Passions, and their use.The Predo- Expunge the whole, or lop th' excrescent parts minant Passion, and its force. Its necessity Of all our Vices have created Arts; in directing Men to different Purposes. Its providential Use, in fixing our Principle, and ascertaining our Virtue. Virtue and Vice joined in our mixed Nature; the limits near, yet the things separate and evident: What is the Office of Reason. How odious Vice in itself, and how we deceive ourselves in it. That, however, the Ends of Providence and general Good are answered in our Passions and Imperfections. How usefully these are distributed to all Orders of Men.. How use- | ful they are to Society, and to Individuals, in every state and every age of life. KNow then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of Mankind is Man. Plac'd on this i-thurus of a middle state, A being darkly wise, and rudely great; With too much knowledge for the Sceptic side, With too much weakness for the Stoic's pride, He hangs between in doubt to act or rest, In doubt to deem himself a God or Beast; In doubt his Mind er Body to prefer; Born but to die, and reasoning but to err; Alike in ignorance, his reason such, Whether he thinks too little, or too much : Chaos of Thought and Passion, all confus'd, Still by himself abus'd or disabus'd; Created half to rise, and half to fall; Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all: Sole judge of Truth, in endless Error hurl'd: The glory, jest, and riddle of the world!

Go, wond'rous creature! mount whereScience
guides,

Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides;
Instruct the planets in what orbs to run,
Correct old Time, and regulate the Sun:
Go, soar with Plato to th' empyreal sphere,
To the first good, first perfect, and first fair;
Or tread the mazy round his followers trod,
And quitting sense call imitating God;
As Eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate the Sun.
Go, teach Eternal Wisdom how to rule;
Then drop into thyself, and be a fool!

Superior beings, when of late they saw
A mortal Man unfold all Nature's law,
Adinir'd such wisdom in an earthly shape,
And show'd a Newton as we show an Ape.

Could he, whose rules the rapid comet bind,
Describe or fix one movement of his Mind?
Who saw its fires here rise, and there descend,
Explain his own beginning or his end?

Alas, what wonder! Man's superior part
Uncheck'd may rise, and climb from art to art;
But when his own great work is but begun,
What Reason weaves, by Passion is undone.
Trace Science then, with Modesty thy guide;
First strip off all her equipage of Prides

Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul;
Reason's comparing balance rules the whole,
Man, but for that, no action could attend;
And, but for this, were active to no end;
Fix'd like à plant on his peculiar spot,
To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot :
Or, meteor-like, flanie lawless thro' the void,
Destroying others, by himself destroy'd.
Most strength the moving principle requires;
Active its task, it prompts, impels, inspires.
Sedate and quiet the comparing lies,
Form'd but to check, deliberate, and advise.
Self-love, still stronger, as its objects nigh;
Reason's at distance and în prospect lie:
That sces immediate good by present sense;
Reason, the future and the consequence.
Thicker than arguments temptations throng;
At best more watchful this, but that more strong
The action of the stronger to suspend
Reason still use, to Reason still attend.
Attention, habit and experience gains;
Each strengthens Reason, and Self-love restrams,
Let subtle schoolmen teach these friends to fight,
More studious to divide than to unite;
And Grace and Virtue, Sense and Reason split,
With all the rash dexterity of wit.
Wits, just like Fools, at war about a name,
Have full as oft no meaning, or the same.
Self-love and Reason to one end aspire;
Pain their aversion, Pleasure their desire;
But greedy that, its object would devour,
This taste the honey, and not wound the flow'r.
Pleasure, or wrong or rightly understood,
Our greatest evil, or our greatest good.

Modes of Self-love the Passions we may call,
"Tis real good, or seeming, moves them all:
But since not ev'ry good we can divide,
And Reason bids us for our own provide;
Passions, tho' selfish, if their means be fair,
List under Reason, and deserve her care;
Those that imparted court a nobler aim,
Exalt their kind, and take some Virtue's name.
In lazy Apathy let Stoics boast
Their Virtue fix'd; 'tis fix'd as in a frost;
Contracted all, retiring to the breast:
But strength of mind is Exercise, not Rest.
The rising tempest puts in act the soul;
Parts it may ravage, but preserves the whole.
On life's vast ocean diversely we sail,
Reason the card, but Passion is the gale:

Nor

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