Köbmanden er i Kökkenet,

Kjöbmanden er i Kjökkenet, The merchant is in the kitchen,

Viinen er ikke suur, or sur, The wine is not sour.
Viinen er ikke suur,

It may be observed that cumbrous as is the older system of doubling e, i and u, it helps to mark the long sound of the vowel, as Green (Grēn), 'twig;' Sviin (Svin), 'swine;' Huus (Hūs), 'house.' And this is specially important to foreigners, as these vowels, together with y, ö and ø, have two distinct sounds, one short and open; as, let, 'easy; lidt, 'little ;' godt, 'good;' Grund, 'foundation;' Tryk, 'pressure;' gör, 'does;'-and the other long and close; as, led, tiresome;' lide, 'to suffer;' god, 'good;' Gud, 'God ;' tyk, 'thick;' gøer, 'barks.'

Accentuation, or stress, plays an important part in DanoNorwegian, but is dependent on so many arbitrary rules that it requires a prolonged acquaintance with the tone in which the language is spoken by Danes and Norwegians to enable a stranger to acquire the various modifications of stress, characteristic of their mother-tongue.

As a general rule, it may be stated that where the word is of genuine Northern origin, the stress rests on the radical syllable, as, rēnlig (ren, 'clean'); urenlig, ' uncleanly.' In

words of foreign origin the accent is very commonly on the last syllable, as General, Kollegium.

The first syllable very usually takes the accent in Northera words, unless they are compounded with the German prefixes, be, er, for (Ger. ver), which are unaccentuated; as, běgrive, 'to comprehend;' erindre, 'to remember;' förrådne, 'to putrefy.' In words compounded of Northern particles, these take the accent; as, fōrekaste, 'to upbraid ;' vēdblive,

'to continue.'

In compound words the stress is usually thrown on the syllable which marks the leading characteristic of the whole; as, en Præstegård, 'a parsonage ;' Nordsöensbölger, 'the waves of the German Ocean;' Frederiksborg, the castle of Frederick.'

ARTICLES. (Kendeord.)

Two genders are recognized in modern Danish, viz. the Common Gender (Fælleskön), and the Neuter Gender (Intetkön).

Articles and adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer.

There are three distinct articles, viz. the Indefinite Article (ubestemte Kendeord), and two forms of the Definite Article (bestemte Kendeord), known as the "Noun Article " and the "Adjective Article."

The Indefinite Article, which precedes the noun, is

COMMON GENDER.

en, a, an.

NEUTER.

et, a, an.

This article agrees in gender with the noun; as, en Mand, c. g., 'a man,' et Barn, n., 'a child.'

The form of the Definite Article, known as the "NounArticle" (Navneordenes Kendeord), consists of the following affixes, which are added to, and incorporated with, the noun, in conformity with the gender and number of the latter:

PLURAL, BOTH GENDERS.

ene, or ne, the.

Affix, en, or n, the et, or t, the As, Mand, c. g., 'man,' Manden, 'the man;' Kone, c. g., 'woman,' Konen, 'the woman;' Barn, n., 'child,' Barnet, 'the child;' Vindue, n., 'window,' Vinduet, 'the window;' Mænd, pl. 'men,' Mændene, 'the men ;' Koner, pl., 'women,' Konerne,' the women;' Vinduer, pl., 'windows,' Vinduerne, 'the windows.'

The terminal letter of the word, and certain considerations of euphony, determine whether en, et, and ene, or simply n, t and ne are to be employed in the formation of the article affix.

The independent form of the definite article, known as the "Adjective Article" (Tillægs Kendeord), agrees in gender and number with the noun to which it refers, and always precedes the adjective qualifying the latter, never standing in direct proximity to the noun itself.

Den gode Mand, c. g., ' the good man;' det gode Barn, n., 'the good child,' de gode Drenge, pl., 'the good boys.'

Norwegians use Gut, c. g., in the place of Dreng, for 'boy.'

For an explanation of the manner in which the various articles have acquired their present form and significance, the reader is referred to Part II.

NOUNS. (Navneord.)

Nouns are of two genders, the Common (Fælleskön), and the Neuter, (Intetkön); as, en Seng, c. g., 'a bed;' et Bord n., 'a table.'

Some nouns are used in the singular only; as, Forstand, c. g., 'understanding;' Guld, n., 'gold.' Others are used only in the plural; as, Forældre, 'parents;' Söskende, 'brothers and sisters.'

The plural of nouns are formed in various ways:

1. By retaining the same form as the singular; as, et Dyr, 'an animal;' flere Dyr, 'various animals.' 2. By the addition of e to the singular; as, Dreng, c. g.,

'boy,' pl. Drenge, 'boys.' Words ending in unaccentuated er, or dom, and those of one syllable, whose radical vowel does not change in the plural, generally also take this termination; as, Rytter, c. g., 'rider,' pl. Ryttere; Sygdom, c. g., 'sickness,' pl. Sygdomme ; Hus, n., 'house,' pl. Huse.

3. By the addition of er. Under this head fall many nouns ending in a vowel; as, Træ, n., 'tree,' pl. Træer. Words of foreign origin, as General, 'General,' pł. Generaler, and words ending in ing, hed and skab; as,

Regning, 'reckoning,' pl. Regninger; Smukhed, c. g., 'beauty,' pl. Smukheder; Venskab, n., 'friendship,' pl. Venskaber. Words ending in e simply take r; as, Kone, c. g., 'woman,' pl. Koner; Menneske, n., 'creature,' pl. Mennesker.

4. By a change of the radical vowel; as, Mand, c. g., 'man,' pl. Mond; Gås, c. g., 'goose,' pl. Gæs; Barn, n., ' child,' pl. Börn.

In some cases this change is associated with a transposition of the terminal letters; as, Fader, c. g., 'father,' pl. Fædre; Moder, c.g., 'mother,' pl. Mödre. 5. Nouns ending in el, en, or er often drop the penultimate e; as, Engel, c. g., angel,' pl. Engle; Lagen, c. g.,' sheet,' pl. Lagner; Ager, 'field,' pl. Agre.

6. Words having a double consonant reject one of these; as, Himmel, c. g., 'heaven,' pl. Himle; Middel, c. g., ' method,' pl. Middler; Datter, 'daughter,' pl. Dötre.

Words of one or more unaccentuated syllables, ending in a consonant, double the latter in the plural; as, Bal, c. g., 'ball,' pl. Baller; Sön, c. g., ' son,' pl. Sönner; Rigdom, c. g., 'riches,' pl. Rigdomme.

The genitive is the only case which is marked by any special termination, this being made, as in English, by the addition of s, without an apostrophe, or es.

Nouns ending in any consonant except s or ks (x), and

C