Physics of Electric Propulsion

accelerator AIAA anode applied atomic axial beam become body cathode chamber channel characteristic charge circuit collision complete component conductivity constant corresponding cross section current density dependence desired detailed developed device direction discharge discussed distribution dynamical effective efficiency electric field electromagnetic electron elements energy engine equation example exhaust external flow follows force frequency function gases geometry given Hall heat impulse increase inductance initial interaction involved ionization less limit losses magnetic field mass mean mechanisms motion neutral Note nozzle operation parameter particle particular performance physical plasma position possible potential pressure problem propellant properties propulsion pulsed radiation range ratio region relation relative rocket sheet simple space specific speed stream surface temperature thermal thrust thruster tion typical unit various velocity voltage wave yields York