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rank, five shillings, to the poor of the parish; and on a second conviction double, and for every subsequent offence treble the sum first forfeited, with all charges of conviction; and, in default of payment, shall be sent to the house of correction for ten days.

the man Christ Jesus." With respect, therefore, to the sacred Trinity, though he rejected the idea of three distinct persons as destructive of the unity of the Godhead, he admitted three distinct essences, principles, or characters, as existing in it; namely, the divine essence or character, in virtue of which he is called the Father, or Creator; the human essence, principle, or character, united to the divine in the person of Jesus Christ, in virtue of which he is called the Son and Redeemer; and, lastly, the proceeding essence or principle, in virtue of which he is called the Holy Ghost. He farther maintains, that the sacred scripture contains three distinct senses, called celestial, spiritual, and natural, which are united by correspondences; and that in each sense it is divine truth accommodated respectively to the angels of the three heavens, and also to men on earth. This science of correspondences

SWEDENBORGIANS, the followers of Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish nobleman, born at Stockholm in 1689. He appears to have had a good education; for his learning was extensive in almost every branch. He professed himself to be the founder of the New Jerusalem Church, alluding to the New Jerusalem spoken of in the book of the Revelation. He asserts that, in the year 1743, the Lord manifested himself to him by a personal appearance, and at the same time opened his spiritual eyes, so that he was enabled constantly to see and converse with spirits and angels. From that time he began to print and publish various wonderful things, which, he says, were revealed to him, relat-(it is said) has been lost for some ing to heaven and hell, the state of men after death, the worship of God, the spiritual sense of the scriptures, the various earths in the universe, and their inhabitants; with many other strange particulars.

Swedenborg lived and died in the Lutheran communion, but always professed the highest respect for the church of England. He carried his respect for the person and divinity of Jesus Christ to the highest point of veneration, considering him altogether as " God manifested in the flesh, and as the fulness of the Godhead united to VOL. II. 3 M

thousands of years, viz. ever since the time of Job, but is now revived by Emanuel Swedenborg, who uses it as a key to the spiritual or internal sense of the sacred scripture; every page of which, he says, is written by correspondence, that is, by such things in the natural world as correspond unto and signify things in the spiritual world. He denies the doctrine of atonement, or vicarious sacrifice; together with the doctrines of predestination, unconditional election, justification by faith alone, the resurrection of the material body, &c.; and, in

SYMBOL, an abstract or compendium; a sign or representation of something moral by the figures or properties of natural things. Hence symbols are of various kinds; as hieroglyphics, types, enigmas, parables, fables, &c. See Dr. Lancaster's Dictionary of Scriptural Symbols; and Bicheno's Symbolical Vocabulary in his Signs of the Times.

SYNAGOGUE, a place where the Jews meet to worship God.

SYNERGISTS, so called from the Greek avvepysia, which signifies co-operation. Hence this name was given to those in the sixteenth century who denied that God was the sole agent in the conversion of sinful man, and affirmed that man co-operated with Divine grace in the accomplishment of this salutary purpose.

opposition thereto, maintains that || Dialogues on Swedenborg's Theologiman is possessed of free will in cal Writings. spiritual things; that salvation is not attainable without repentance, that is, abstaining from evils, because they are sins against God; and living a life of charity and faith, according to the commandments; that man, immediately on his decease, rises again in a spiritual body, which was enclosed in his material body; and that in this spiritual body he lives as a man to eternity, either in heaven or in hell, according to the quality of his past life. That all those passages in the scripture generally supposed to signify the destruction of the world by fire, and commonly called the last judgment, must be understood according to the above-mentioned science of correspondences, which teaches, that by the end of the world, or consummation of the age, is not signified the destruction SYNOD, a meeting or assembly of the world, but the destruction of ecclesiastical persons to consult or end of the present Christian on matters of religion. Of these church, both among Roman Ca- there are four kinds, viz. 1. Getholics and Protestants, of every neral, where bishops, &c., meet description or denomination; and from all nations. These were first that this last judgment actually called by the emperors; aftertook place in the spiritual world wards by Christian princes; till, in the year 1757; from which era in later ages, the pope usurped to is dated the second advent of the himself the greatest share in this Lord, and the commencement of business, and by his legates prea new Christian church, which, sided in them when called.-2. they say, is meant by the new National, where those of one naheaven and new earth in the Re- tion only come together to detervelation, and the New Jerusalem mine any point of doctrine or disthence descending. They use a litur- cipline. The first of this sort gy, and instrumental as well as vo- which we read of in England was cal music, in their public worship. that of Herudford, or Hertford, Summary View of Swedenborg's in 673; and the last was that held Doctrines; Swedenborg's Works; by cardinal Pole, in 1555.-3,

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Provincial, where those only of one province meet, now called the Convocation.-4. Diocesan, where those of but one diocese meet, to enforce canons made by general councils, or national and provincial synods, and to consult and

TABERNACLE, among the Hebrews, a kind of building, in the form of a tent, set up by the express command of God for the performance of religious worship, sacrifices, &c. Exod. xxvi, xxvii.

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agree upon rules of discipline for themselves. These were not wholly laid aside, till, by the act of submission, 25 Hen. VIII, c. 19, it was made unlawful for any synod to meet but by royal authority. See COUNCIL, and CONVOCATION.

one in the afternoon till five in the evening. They dress in a very mean garb, and go bare-headed and bare-footed; and no person is admitted among them who is not well skilled in the Baly language. They believe that the universe is eternal, but admit that certain parts of it, as this world, may be destroyed, and again regenerated. They believe in a universal pervading spirit, and in the immortality and transmigration of the soul; but they extend this last doctrine not only to animals, but to vegetables

Feast of Tabernacles, a solemn festival of the Hebrews, observed after harvest, on the 15th day of the month Tisri, instituted to commemorate the goodness of God, who protected the Israelites in the wilderness, and made them dwell in booths when they came out of Egypt. TABORITES. See BOHEMI-and rocks. They have their good. AN BRETHREN.

and evil genii, and particular local deities, who preside over forests and rivers, and interfere in all sub

TALAPOINS, or TALOPINS, priests of Siam. They enjoy great privileges, but are enjoined ce-lunary affairs. libacy, and austerity of life. They TALENT figuratively signifies live in monasteries contiguous to any gift or opportunity God gives the temples; and, what is singular, to men for the promotion of his any one may enter into the priest- glory. "Every thing almost," hood, and, after a certain age, says Mr. Scott, "that we are, or may quit it to marry, and return possess, or meet with, may be conto society. There are Talapoin-sidered as a talent; for a good or esses, too, or nuns, who live in the a bad use may be made of every same convents, but are not ad-natural endowment, or providenmitted till they have passed their tial appointment, or they may refortieth year. The Talapoins edu- main unoccupied through inacticate children, and at every newvity and selfishness. Time, health, and full moon explain the pre-vigour of body, and the power of cepts of their religion in their exertion and enduring fatiguetemples; and, during the rainy the natural and acquired abilities season they preach from six in of the mind, skill in any lawful the morning till noon, and from "art or science, and the capacity

for close mental application-the of life (which, beside the angift of speech, and that of speaking cient Hebrew scriptures, the Jews with fluency and propriety, and thought themselves bound to obin a convincing, attractive, or per- serve), was composed, according suasive manner-wealth, influence, to the unanimous testimony of the or authority-a man's situation Jews, about the close of the sein the church, the community, cend century. It was the work or relative life-and the various of rabbi Jehuda (or Juda) Hakoccurrences which make way for kadosh, who was the ornament of him to attempt any thing of a the school of Tiberias, and is said. beneficial tendency: these, and to have occupied him forty years. many others that can scarcely be The commentaries and additions enumerated, are talents which the which succeeding rabbies made consistent Christian will improve were collected by rabbi Jochanan to the glory of God, and the be- Ben Eliezer, some say in the fifth, nefit of mankind. Nay, this im- others say in the sixth, and others provement procures an increase in the seventh century, under the of talents, and gives a man an ac- name of Gemara, that is, comcession of influence, and an accu- pletion, because it completed the mulating power of doing good; Talmud. because it tends to establish his reputation for prudence, piety, integrity, sincerity, and disinterested benevolence: it gradually forms him to an habitual readiness to engage in beneficent designs, and to conduct them in a gentle, unobtrusive, and unassuming man-is entitled order is formed of ner it disposes others to regard him with increasing confidence and affection, and to approach him with satisfaction; and it procures for him the countenance of many persons, whose assistance he can employ in accomplishing his own salutary purposes."

A similar addition was made to the Mishna by the Babylonish doctors in the beginning of the sixth century, according to Enfield; and in the seventh, according to others.

The Mishna is divided into six parts, of which every one which

treatises: every treatise is divided into chapters; and every chapter into mishnas, or aphorisms. In the first part is discussed whatever relates to seeds, fruits, and trees: in the second, feasts: in the third, women, their duties, their disorders, marriages, divorces, conTALMUD, a collection of Jew- tracts, and nuptials: in the fourth, ish writings. There are two works are treated the damages or losses which bear this name-the Tal- sustained by beasts or men, of mud of Jerusalem, and the Talmud things found, deposits, usuries, of Babylon. Each of these are rents, farms, partnerships in comcomposed of two parts-the Mish-merce, inheritance, sales and purna, which is the text, and is com- chases, oaths, witnesses, arrests, mon to both; and the Gemara, or commentary.

The Mishna, which comprehends all the laws, institutions, and rules

idolatry; and here are named those by whom the oral law was received and preserved: in the fifth part are noticed what regards

sacrifices and holy things: and the sixth treats on purifications, vessels, furniture, clothes, houses, leprosy, baths, and numerous other articles :--all this forms the Mishna.

in a style comparatively pure, and may be very useful in explaining passages of the New Testament, where the phraseology is similar. This is, indeed, the only use to which Christians can apply it: but this renders it valuable.Lightfoot has judiciously availed himself of such information as he could derive from it. Some of the popes, with a barbarous zeal, and a timidity of spirit for the success of the Christian religion, which the belief of its divinity can never excuse, ordered great numbers of the Talmud to be burned. Gregory IX burned about twenty

As the learned reader may wish to obtain some notion of rabbinical composition and judgment, we shall gratify his curiosity sufficiently by the following specimen : "Adam's body was made of the earth of Babylon, his head of the land of Israel, his other members of other parts of the world. R. Meir thought he was compact of the earth gathered out of the whole earth: as it is writ-cart-loads; and Paul IV ordered ten, thine eyes did see my substance. Now it is elsewhere written, the eyes of the Lord are over all the earth. R. Aha expressly marks the twelve hours in which his various parts were formed. His stature was from one end of the world to the other; and it was for his transgression that the Creator, laying his hand in anger on him, lessened him; for be

fore,' says R. Eleazer, with his hand he reached the firmament.' R. Jehuda thinks his sin was heresy; but R. Isaac thinks that it was nourishing his foreskin."

The Talmud of Babylon is most valued by the Jews; and this is the book which they mean to express when they talk of the Talmud in general. An abridgment of it was made by Maimonides in the 12th century, in which he rejected some of its greatest absurdities. The Gemara is stuffed with dreams and chimeras, with many ignorant and impertinent questions, and the style very

coarse.

The Mishna is written"

12,000 copies of the Talmud to be destroyed. See MISCHNA; the last edition of the Talmud of Babylon, printed at Amsterdam, in 12 vols. folio: the Talmud of Jerusalem is in one large vol. folio.

TANQUELINIANS, so called from Tanquelinus, who formed a numerous denomination in Brabant and Antwerp in the twelfth century. He treated with contempt the external worship of God, the sacrament of the Lord's supper, and the rite of baptism, and held clandestine assemblies to propagate his opinions. He declaimed against the vices of the clergy with vehemence and intrepidity.

TARGUM, a name given to the Chaldee paraphrases of the books of the Old Testament. They are called paraphrases, or expositions, because they are rather comments and explications, than literal translations of the text. They are written in the Chaldee tongue, which became familiar to the Jews after the time of their captivity in Babylon, and was more known to

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