of classical students. Those who wish to do so may take more extended courses in zoology, paying special attention to particular groups of the animal kingdom or making comparative studies of certain systems of organs found in different animals.

For laboratory purposes one large well-lighted room is used, and each student working therein is furnished with a table equipped with a microscope and other appliances needed in his work.

ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY.

COLLEGEVILLE, MINN.

No regular course is biology has been arranged. Physiology and botany are taught to small classes, text-books being used in both cases and no laboratory work of any kind being required.

ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.

CANTON, N. Y.

Work in biology is limited to the second half of the sophomore year in all courses. No preparation in science is required of students applying for admission except a brief course in physiology. The work of the sophomore year consists of prescribed work in human physiology and botany and an elective course in zoölogy. These courses all consist of class-room exercises supplemented by practical laboratory work.

ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.

ST. LOUIS, Mo.

Biology is not regularly taught except in the post-graduate course. Lectures are given paying attention mainly to those points in which biology comes in contact with psychology.

Courses are occasionally given by advanced students, who, after working through a general biology course themselves, present the subjects considered to their classmates in lectures.

SCIO COLLEGE.

SCIO, OHIO.

For admission to the college classes candidates must have pursued brief courses in physical geography and physiology, as provided in the preparatory department. Each of these courses occupies 5 hours weekly during one term.

In the college classes zoology is first taken up during one term, the course being followed by freshmen in the philosophical and scientific departments, and by classical sophomores. This course is practical in character, consisting largely of laboratory work upon representatives of the leading groups. A course in botany, lasting also through one term, is prescribed for students in all courses. This consists of a short

course in systematic botany, followed by a general survey of the vegetable kingdom based upon the practical study of selected types. Each student is required to prepare a herbarium and present a thesis based upon some question which he has especially studied.

SIMPSON COLLEGE.

INDIANOLA, Iowa.

For admission to all courses candidates for the freshman class are examined in physiology, physics, and chemistry, the necessary preparation being given in the preparatory school. The college work in biology begins in the sophomore year, when botany is taken up, the course occupying 5 hours per week during the third term. This includes structural botany and plant analysis, each student being required to analyze numerous plants in the class room and, in addition, to collect and prepare a herbarium of 50 specimens. During the junior year zoology is studied for one term, two lectures weekly being given, supplemented by practical work, mainly upon the collections in the museum. Students following the scientific course do additional work in practical biology. As a part of this each student is required to follow a special line of work, generally upon some special group of animals as illustrated by the local fauna. These papers are read before the class, the specimens upon which the paper is based being at the same time exhibited.

The college museum contains representatives of all the classes of animals, a considerable number of corals and skeletons and a valuable collection of invertebrates. There is also a herbarium, containing representatives of most of the local plants.

THE STATE COLLEGE OF KENTUCKY.

LEXINGTON, KY.

Four collegiate courses are provided, the biological requirements in each being different. For admission to the scientific or agricultural courses the candidate must have an elementary knowledge of chemistry, botany, and zoölogy, and into the preparatory course in those subjects provided by the college a considerable amount of practical work enters. The college work in zoölogy and botany continues in the classical course through the latter half of the sophomore year. In the scientific, engineering, and agricultural courses the work consists of a course in botany and vegetable histology in the second half of the sophomore year, and a course in zoölogy and animal histology in the second term of the junior year. A further course in anatomy and physiology, occupying one term, is given to all students. A special course in microscopy is required of scientific students in the senior

year.

In all of these courses the necessity for practical work is emphasized, and the student is brought directly in contact with nature wherever

possible. The college possesses limited facilities for laboratory work, having merely an equipment of microscopes, dissecting instruments, etc. It is expected that this will soon be enlarged, and appliances for more advanced work provided.

Admission to the college is usually through the academy, which is under college management. Many of the college courses are begun in the academy, giving such students many advantages over those coming from other institutions. Few of the schools of Kentucky furnish the necessary preparation in science.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

IOWA CITY, Iowa.

For admission to the freshman class in any of the college courses candidates are examined in physics, physiology, and botany. Under the latter head the analysis of 40 species of flowering plants must be presented. Certificates relieving the candidates from entrance examination are accepted from a large number of preparatory schools throughout the State.

course.

All the scientific subjects are elective except in the general scientific In this a course in botany is prescribed occupying 5 hours weekly, beginning in the last term of the freshman year and continuing through two terms of the sophomore. Following this there is prescribed for the first term of the junior year a course in general biology, after which are courses in physiology and comparative anatomy. A course in systematic zoology is also offered to science students. These studies are all elective to students pursuing the classical or philosophical

courses.

Several distinct courses in botany are offered, the first being devoted to a general study of the natural orders, based upon typical representatives. This follows the work of the preparatory school, and special attention is devoted to the more difficult orders, including the amentaceous trees, the grasses, sedges, and ferns. This being completed in the spring term, attention is next given to the autumn phænogamous plants, the composita especially, and also the ferns, mosses, and lower cryptogams. During the winter term a course is given in general structural botany and vegetable histology, with special attention toward the end of the course to the development of floral organs.

A special course in the study of fungi is offered to senior science students who have completed the above-mentioned work. Opportunities are also given to advanced students to devote themselves to special work in vegetable physiology and histology, or to single groups of plants, especially the lower cryptogams.

The course in general biology is elective in the junior year. Animal morphology is practically studied during one term, and following this, the winter term is occupied by a course in human anatomy, physiology, and histology, the work being completed by a course in comparative

anatomy which occupies the whole of the spring term.

In this connec

tion opportunities for more advanced work are offered to those properly qualified, especially in embryology, but also in physiology and histology. Systematic zoology is offered as an elective to juniors in the general scientific course. The first term is devoted to the systematic relationships of the invertebrates, after which the mammals are considered. The third term is devoted to the study of birds, for which the large collection (about 1,800 specimens) furnish abundant material.

All of the courses mentioned are largely practical, laboratory work forming an important part of them all. In all the more advanced courses a thesis is required which is based upon the individual work of the student.

The teaching facilities possessed by the institution are very considerable. One large building, 112 by 74 feet, and consisting of three stories and basement, is occupied by the department of biology and geology. The first floor of this building contains the laboratories of botany and zoology. Each is adapted to accommodate 20 students at once, and the supply of microscopes and other apparatus is abundant for that number. The museum, which occupies the whole of the third floor, has been recently arranged and catalogued, and is now well adapted for practical use. It contains more than 200 specimens of foreign and native species of mammals; about 1,800 specimens of birds, among which are the Hornaday collection containing 125 specimens, mostly exotics; the Bond collection of Wyoming birds, and the Harrison collection of British game birds and birds of prey; collections of fish, reptiles, and mollusca fully illustrate this portion of the fauna of the State, while the invertebrates are represented by several thousand marine forms and a large collection of coleoptera. In addition to these the museum contains a large number of skulls and complete mounted skeletons, illustrating all the orders of vertebrates.

The herbarium contains a large collection of flowering plants from all parts of the United States, and about 100 species illustrating the flora of southern France. It contains also the Lesquereux collection of ferns, consisting of about 500 species from all parts of the world, and about 1,000 species of mosses from Europe and America. There are also collections illustrating the flora of the West Indies, and collections of wood sections illustrating the forest flora of the eastern United States. There is also a full set of Ellis' North American Fungi in twenty-five volumes. Among the courses leading to the degree of bachelor of science is offered one in which special attention is given to biology. This occupies 4 years, being almost identical with the general scientific course through the freshman year.

The details are as follows:

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First term.-German, botany, biology.

Second term.-German, botany, physiology.

Third term.-English, botany, comparative anatomy, and physiology.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First term.-Physics or chemistry, systematic zoology, English, modern language, political science, philosophy or history.

Second term.-Same as first.

Third term.-Physics or chemistry, systematic zoölogy, geology.

SENIOR YEAR.

First term.-Two electives.-Paleontology, special systematic zoology, special systematic botany, bacteriology, embryology, field work and preparation of museum material. One elective.-French, German, English, Latin, history, political science, philosophy.

Second term.-Two electives.-Paleontology, special systematic zoölogy, bacteriology, vegetable histology, animal histology, embryology.

Third term.-Thesis-equivalent to three full studies.

This course has been specially planned to meet the requirements of prospective medical students, but also serves as an introductory course for those wishing to devote themselves specially to the natural history sciences.

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE.

SWARTHMORE, PA.

No requirements in science are made of students applying for admission to the freshman class. The college course in biology is so planned as to extend through the entire 4 years of the curriculum. Four different courses are provided, the full work in biology being required only of science students.

During the freshman and sophomore years two lectures weekly are devoted to the subjects zoölogy and botany. In the zoölogy course the vertebrates and invertebrates are considered in alternate years, attention being given to the anatomy, development, distribution, classification, habits, and economic relations of the various groups. Botany is considered for a short time only in this course, the object being merely to teach the most prominent points in vegetable morphology, to accustom the student to accurate observation, and to the use of the analytical key for the determination of plants.

A more advanced course in botany is given in the junior year, consisting of laboratory work with explanatory lectures. In this the subjects of structural botany and vegetable histology are considered, some work being also done in cryptogamic botany.

The course in general biology extends through the junior and senior years. This is planned for the general student, and its value for those contemplating a medical career is emphasized. The course consists mainly of practical work, instruction being given first in the methods of biological investigation and the examination of minute organisms, proceeding thence to more complex forms. The work in the senior year consists partly of systematic work and partly of studies in comparative osteology and vertebrate dissection. Students in arts and