MOUNT HOLYOKE SEMINARY AND COLLEGE.

SOUTH HADLEY, MASS.

Students applying for admission are expected to have an elementary knowledge of physiology and botany. Two collegiate courses are offered in which the requirements in biology are nearly the same, and a third course, known as the "seminary course," is also provided. In all three of these courses the introduction to scientific work is furnished by chemistry, the course consisting of lectures and laboratory work through the third term of the first year. In addition there are in the "seminary course" a series of lectures and laboratory exercises in botany, including vegetable histology and cryptogamic botany, and also a course of lectures in physiology through half the year. This latter course is also required of scientific students during their first year.

During the second year students in both the scientific and classical courses follow the same course in vegetable morphology and histology as above mentioned in connection with the seminary course. In the second year of the seminary course there are in the first term 6-weeks' courses in botany and zoölogy, and in the third term a further course in zoölogy, in which special attention is paid to laboratory work on the vertebrates and to the principles of classification. A course in zoölogy identical with this is required of classical and scientific students in the first term of the third year, together with a laboratory course in botany. No further work is prescribed, but biology may be elected through the entire course. The work is everywhere made as practical as possible, the necessity of laboratory work being strongly insisted on. In connection with the second year's work the analysis of 175 plants is required, of which 75 must be preserved in an herbarium. These must include the more difficult orders of phænogams, as well as a number of cryptogamic forms.

The work in zoology begins with a study of the classification of the animal kingdom, illustrations being obtained by an examination of the external forms of the vertebrates. One or more vertebrate forms are dissected, after which attention is given to invertebrates, which are similarly studied. The work in physiology in the first year is of an elementary character, but the subsequent elective courses are supplemented by laboratory work in the dissection of animals and physiological experiments proper.

The biological work of the junior and senior years is more general in its character, consisting mainly of laboratory work in physiology, histology, and embryology. Lectures are also occasionally given on the fundamental principles of biology.

The biological department is situated in a recently-constructed building, which furnishes all desired conveniences. Two laboratories are provided for zoology and one for physiology. In the same building is a room containing aquaria and other conveniences for the study of live

plants and animals. A small botanical garden facilitates the work in that department, furnishing materials for the study of vegetable physiology as well as for plant analysis. The equipment of the laboratory consists of thirty-six dissecting microscopes, twenty-five compound microscopes, and microtomes and smaller apparatus in abundance.

MOUNT UNION COLLEGE.

ALLIANCE, OHIO.

The biological work begins in the freshman year of the college course, with human physiology. Four hours weekly are given to text-book recitations and one to lectures and demonstrations. Zoology is then taken up, the same amount of time being given to it as to physiology. As an aid in presenting this subject the college possesses a museum of considerable size, and each student following the course is required to spend 1 hour weekly in museum work. A course in botany is also offered, in which 4 hours weekly are devoted to class work and 1 to plant analysis. This course is facilitated by a herbarium, but much of the material is collected by students themselves, as is the case also in the zoological course.

The laboratory has the ordinary equipment, and contains accommodations for about thirty students.

No requirements in science are made for admission to the freshman class.

MUHLENBERG COLLEGE.

ALLENTOWN, Pa.

Biological work begins in the freshman year, which is equally divided between physiology and zoology, there being one weekly exercise through the year. In the sophomore year a course in botany is given, occupying 2 hours weekly during half the year.

These subjects are taught by means of text-books, and illustrated by charts and objects. There is no laboratory, and no practical work of any kind is required of students. No preparation in science is required for entrance.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.

EVANSTON, ILL.

For admission to the freshman class in the classical or philosophical courses the candidate must possess some knowledge of physics and physiology. In the scientific department zoölogy and botany are required in addition. This preliminary instruction is given in the preparatory department, one-third of a year being required in each of these branches except physics, to which one year is given. Most of the high schools of the State also furnish the requisite scientific preparation.

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The work in biology begins in the college course with the sophomore year, a course in comparative zoölogy being prescribed in the first and second terms. In this, one lecture is given weekly on the structure and functions of animals. Scientific students may elect in the second term a course in structural botany, spending 8 hours weekly in the practical study of vegetable tissues. Students in the literary courses may elect morphological and systematic botany in the third term, spending 5 hours weekly in lectures and laboratory work. A course in human anatomy, consisting of 6 hours laboratory work weekly, is required of scientific students in the third term of the freshman year.

Biology is elective in the junior year to all except scientific students. A course in zoölogy is given during one term, consisting of four weekly recitations but no laboratory work. A course in general biology runs through the entire senior year, and is elective to all students. This consists of three weekly lectures and laboratory work. In connection with this course a number of typical animals and plants are examined, beginning with higher animals and proceeding to the lower forms, after which the vegetable kingdom is taken up in the reverse order.

A special course, occupying two years, is provided for students expecting to study medicine. In this course systematic zoölogy and structural botany are required in the second term of the first year, 4 hours being given to each, and histology is studied 5 hours weekly in the third term. In the second year general biology occupies the first term, bacteriology the second, and physiology and embryology the third, 3 hours weekly being given to each.

The laboratory consists of one large room provided with sixteen microscopes and other apparatus needed in elementary work. No provisions have yet been made for advanced research, but something will be done in this direction in the near future, the available room being greatly increased and new facilities provided.

The museum is of great value in connection with the work of teaching. It contains about 15,000 botanical specimens from all parts of the world. Specially worthy of note is the collection of mosses, numbering more than 200 specimens. The zoological collection numbers about 20,000 specimens, in which are represented all the classes of animals, from the lowest marine forms up to and including the highest mammals.

OBERLIN COLLEGE.
OBERLIN, OHIO.

Candidates for admission are expected to have an elementary knowledge of physiology and physics, such as may be obtained at most of the high schools in the State, students being admitted from many of these on certificates.

Three different courses are offered, the biological work being nearly the same in all. Botany is begun in the third term of the sophomore year, preceded by physics and chemistry. In connection with this

the study of flowering plants is first taken up, each student being required to make a herbarium containing representatives of the more dif ficult orders as well as the more common ones. Vegetable histology is also taken up, the student being given abundant opportunity to learn the methods of microscopie work, and the preparation of sections from vegetable tissues. This course all students are required to attend, but the laboratory work is elective. The course in zoölogy, which occupies one term of the junior year, consists of comparative and systematic zoology. Lectures are given upon animal structure and development, and abundantly illustrated by specimens. The laboratory work follows the same general outline, consisting of the dissection and microscopic examination of selected forms, to represent the entire animal kingdom. The college possesses a valuable museum, illustrating the departments of zoology and botany. The local flora and fauna are very fully represented, and so arranged as to greatly facilitate the work of the class

room.

The laboratory has been recently equipped with microscopes, microtomes, and other necessary apparatus for the study of animal and vegetable histology. At present laboratory work is not required, but may be elected by students following any of the biological courses.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.

Students are admitted to the college classes when they complete the work prescribed in the preparatory department. In this the scientific work consists of courses in botany and physics with practical work in connection with each. Many of the high schools of the State furnish a sufficient preparatory course in science, and students coming from these are admitted on certificate.

Ten different courses are offered leading to different degrees. In five of these biology is prescribed, the requirements being different in the different courses. In the courses in arts, science, and philosophy, the scientific subjects are almost all elective, though some one involving laboratory work must be taken. Botany, comparative anatomy, or physiology may be elected in the sophomore year, 2 to 3 hours per week being given to these subjects. The course in botany is a continuation of the work of the preparatory department, and in it special attention is given to vegetable physiology and histology and economic botany, some attention being paid to special groups of plants important from an agricultural standpoint. Cryptogamic botany is also taken up with special reference to fungi injurious to cultivated plants. The course in comparative anatomy is based upon the study of typical vertebrates, after which other lower forms are dissected. The work in physiology which is required of students in the science course consists of recitations and laboratory work in general physiology.

In the junior year a course in general zoölogy, consisting of 5 hours laboratory work per week, may be elected, while courses are also offered in botany and physiology. The course in zoology consists in the dissection of a considerable number of typical forms, supplemented by lectures upon the classification of animals and other subjects not adapted for practical study. The botanical work is a continuation of that of the sophomore year, while the course in physiology consists entirely of laboratory work for 6 hours weekly through the year. This time is devoted to practice in the use of physiological apparatus, vertebrate dissection, and physiological chemistry.

The more extensive work in biology is in connection with the course in agriculture, attention being given to some branch of biology during the entire 4 years of the course. The anatomy of domestic animals and the general question of stock-breeding are considered in courses, to each of which 5 hours weekly are devoted during one term of the freshman year. Horticulture also receives attention during one term. Botany is required in the sophomore year, the course being much the same as in the junior year of the arts course. Zoology is likewise required in the junior year, the course consisting of lectures and laboratory work occupying 3 hours weekly.

The necessity of having a large amount of practical work done by students themselves is thoroughly appreciated, as is shown by the fact that the university possesses, in all, nine laboratories. Of these, one is used for botanical work and another for general work in animal physiology and dissection. These are both well supplied with the apparatus needed in class instruction and contain in addition some facilities for advanced research. The time required for laboratory work varies in the different courses between 4 and 6 hours per week. A considerable number of students are usually engaged in research, mainly upon questions in histology and the life histories of insects.

OHIO UNIVERSITY.

ATHENS, OHIO.

This institution provides three different courses of study, in which the amount of biology considered is the same, while the entrance requirements are somewhat different. These differences are provided for in the arrangement of the preparatory courses, physics being required as preliminary to the philosophical course in the second year, while in the pedagogical course physiology and botany occupy one term each of the third preparatory year. The same amount of instruction is offered by many of the high schools of the State.

Physiology is taken up in the sophomore year with two exercises weekly during two terms, followed by botany in the third term, in which there are five exercises each week, these two courses constituting the only work required in biology. The botanical course in the