greenhouse space is also provided for experiments in vegetable physiology.

The zoological collection includes a series representing the animals of Massachusetts, together with a considerable number of skeletons, models, and stuffed animals. The botanical collection consists of a herbarium of more than 10,000 specimens from all parts of the world, and contains besides a large number of specimens of woods, models of fruits, abnormal growths of stems, etc.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

BOSTON, MASS.

This institution offers eleven courses of instruction, each leading to the degree of bachelor of science. For all these courses the work of the first year is the same, consisting of mathematics, languages, etc., the only scientific work being chemistry with laboratory work required. Students who elect the course in biology, begin their work with a course in general biology, to which 6 hours weekly, with additional time for laboratory work, are devoted. This course begins with a review of the differences between living and dead matter, and after a consideration of such subjects as organs, tissues, cells, protoplasm, etc., a thorough examination is made of selected animal and vegetable types. These are chosen from among the higher forms. In the second term a course in biology of the microorganisms succeeds that of general biology. This begins with a study both by lectures and laboratory work of the smallest living things. During this year there is also presented a course in zoology occupying 2 hours weekly, with additional time spent in the laboratory. In connection with this there are frequent excursions and opportunities for practical seaside work.

In the third year a course in cryptogamic botany during the first halfyear forms the natural sequence to the general biology course. During this same period there is given a course in anthropology, and a course in comparative anatomy, followed in the second half-year by a course in comparative embryology. In connection with these courses there is abundant time for laboratory work, in which the student acquires skill in dissecting as well as practice in the use of histological methods. In the fourth year, students in the biological course are allowed to specialize to some extent, courses being offered in comparative physiology, advanced zoology, and sanitary biology. For the special benefit of such students a reading club is organized for the purpose of keeping abreast with the current biological literature.

In the course of "general studies," answering nearly to the scientific course usually given in colleges, biology enters in the second year, the work being general biology and zoölogy in the first term, and zoölogy in the second term of the second year. These courses are identical with those above given.

In the sanitary engineering course students pursue the courses in general biology and the biology of the microorganisms, already described, with work in sanitary biology in the fourth year. Laboratory arrangements are made for students doing routine work in connection with the lecture courses, and also for those engaged in research. Microscopes have been provided in sufficient number for each student to have one for his own exclusive use, and the usual accessories are provided in abundance. The laboratory also possesses appliances for research in physiological chemistry; microtomes of various makes and other appliances for histological research; culture and sterilizing ovens and high-power microscopes for work in bacteriology; and kymographs, moist chambers, and the smaller apparatus needed in the study of muscle and nerve physiology.

No requirements in science are made of students applying for admission to the first-year course. An elementary knowledge of physics is recommended but not prescribed. It will be noticed that the scientific work of the college begins with an experimental science-chemistryand that the subsequent scientific work rests upon that as a foundation.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY.

OXFORD, OHIO.

For entrance to the freshman class no science is required. The scientific work of the college begins with a course in physics, which is required in the sophomore year. This is fully illustrated but does not include laboratory work. All the other scientific courses are elective in the junior and senior years. The biological work begins in the junior year with a course in general biology, occupying 3 hours weekly through one term. Most of the time is spent in laboratory work upon a series of animal and vegetable types, occasional lectures and demonstrations being given. In the second term, a course is given in comparative anatomy and physiology, followed in the third by work in botany. In this the student gains a practical knowledge of the structure, development, and classification of plants, and gets some acquaintance with vegetable physiology and histology.

In the senior year human anatomy and physiology are studied 3 hours weekly during the first term, the course being designed to give the student a general idea of the uses of the various parts of the body and their mode of action in health. In connection with this a course is offered in comparative histology and osteology, in which special attention is given to laboratory work, including the methods of preparing tissues for microscopic study. During the last term of the senior year a course in embryology is given to illustrate the manner of vertebrate development, and to serve also as an introduction to the methods of research employed in embryology.

Students intending to take the work of the senior year are urged to take the course in chemistry offered in the junior as a preliminary thereto.

The laboratory equipment consists of microscopes, microtomes, dissecting instruments, etc., in limited number. The facilities will soon be greatly increased.

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

LANSING, MICH.

Biological work begins in the third term of the freshman year. A course in botany is then given, consisting of daily exercises in the morphology of flowering plants. The special aim of this course is the acquirement of accuracy in observations; hence, at first most of the time is devoted to practical work. Each student does some work with the microscope, and is required to write a thesis embodying the result of his own work. This work is continued during two terms of the sophomore year, special attention being given to the analysis of flowering plants, including the more difficult families. Physiological botany is studied also during the sophomore year, the course consisting mainly of laboratory work.

During half the first term of the junior year a course is given in comparative anatomy, followed in the second term by a course in physiology. In these courses the lectures are abundantly illustrated by models, preparations, etc., and in addition each student is required to spend sufficient time in dissecting to acquire a general familiarity with the position, appearance, and relations of the various organs in the animal body, in a state of health, and the changes produced by disease. This course consists of daily lectures, 30 hours being devoted to laboratory work. In the third term of the junior year a course is given in entomology, consisting of daily lectures and 3 hours weekly laboratory work.

The course includes the anatomy, transformations, and distribution of insects, with special reference to the forms injurious to vegetation, and the methods for combating them. Students are required to collect, rear, and preserve specimens of native insects, also to carefully examine and dissect a sufficient number to become familiar with the methods of determining the families and genera of insects.

In the senior year a course in general zoölogy is given, consisting of daily lectures and 5 hours' laboratory work weekly during 6 weeks. This is mainly descriptive zoölogy, attention being paid to the habits and distribution of animals, but especially to the principles of classification. Each student is required to make a special study of one class of animals, determining the species from his own study of the animals themselves.

During the third term of the senior year elective courses in botany are offered. One of these is a course in cryptogamic botany, consisting

mainly of laboratory work on the lower plants, with occasional lectures. Instead of this, students may elect a special course devoted to grasses and clovers, or a course in forestry.

Special laboratories are devoted to zoology and botany. There are several working rooms in each and the equipment is ample for the work there performed. The museums and herbarium are of special value. The latter contains over 4,000 species of European plants from the Kew gardens, and about 2,000 native species additional. There are besides 2,300 species of fungi and 650 species of grasses, and other smaller collections recently added. The botanical museum contains "collections of timber and timber products, illustrating the numerous ways in which trees are injured, many articles manufactured from wood and other vegetable substances, also grasses, grains, fruits, seeds, gums, resins, dyes, fungi, mosses, lichens, etc. The general museum contains the leading representatives of the fauna of the State, the collections of insects being especially noteworthy. There are besides collections of marine invertebrates and numerous skeletons and alcholic preparations of animal tissues and organs.

As further aids in the work of teaching, should be mentioned the apiary, fitted with the most approved apparatus; a large greenhouse, containing a large number of choice ornamental plants; a botanical garden, containing nearly 1,000 species of native and foreign plants, and an arboretum and sample grounds for timber trees.

The aim throughout is to make the courses very practical and illustrate them as fully as possible. No scientific knowledge is expected of students applying for entrance. Scientific work is begun in the college in order to insure correct methods at the start.

MILLS COLLEGE.

MILLS COLLEGE, CAL.

The course in general biology is limited to the last term of the senior year, 2 hours weekly being devoted to it. Most of this time is given to class work with a text-book. In connection with this, specimens are examined. Attention is mainly given to higher representative plants and animals, and all students are required to follow the practical work. The subjects of botany and zoölogy are introduced in the lower classes, giving some preparation for the senior year.

There is no laboratory at present, but it is expected that a new building will soon be erected, affording all needed accommodations.

MILTON COLLEGE.
MILTON, WIS.

Biology begins in the sophomore year with a course in physiology, consisting of daily recitations through the third term. Zoölogy is then taken up during the first term of the junior year, followed by botany in

the third. Daily recitations are conducted in all these courses, and about one-third of the entire time is devoted to practical work. No special room for laboratory purposes is provided, this work being done in the class room. A small number of microscopes are provided, as well as dissecting instruments and other appliances. As an aid in the teaching of botany there is a herbarium, consisting of more than 1,800 species of flowering plants.

No requirements in science are made of students applying for admission to the freshman class.

MONMOUTH COLLEGE.

MONMOUTH, ILL.

The only biological subjects taught are botany and physiology, which occur in the freshman and senior years, respectively, and each occupying five recitations weekly during three months.

No laboratory is provided, and no practical work is required except the examination and determination of a small number of flowering plants in connection with the course in botany.

No requirements in science are made of students applying for admission to the freshman class.

MOORE'S HILL COLLEGE.

MOORE'S HILL, IND.

In the junior year of the preparatory course elementary instruction is given in physiology, followed in the senior year by courses in elementary chemistry and physics. For admission to the college course this amount of science is required. In both the classical and scientific courses the same requirements in biology are made.

Botany is taken up in the third term of the freshman year, preceded in the first and second terms by chemistry, including laboratory work. The work in botany consists of a study of the morphology of flowering plants, together with practice in plant analysis. In the third term of the sophomore year a course in physiology is given, followed in the first term of the junior year by a course in general biology. This consists mainly of a series of practical laboratory exercises, attention being given first to the lower forms of animal and vegetable life, proceeding thence to the more specialized. In connection with this, instruction is given in the methods of histological work. During the senior year elective courses in structural botany and zoölogy are offered.

The laboratory equipment consists of six compound microscopes and other apparatus necessary. The quantity of apparatus is not sufficient, but the attempt is made to give as practical a character as possible to the work. The laboratory is conveniently arranged for elementary work, and all students are required to spend 8 to 10 hours weekly during six months in laboratory work.