There is nothing about such a name as the "Nomads" to indicate that its members are a group within the Presbyterian Church, nor in the name of "Northrop Club " to show that its members are Congregationalists, while the names "Phi Tau Theta " and "Sigma Eta Chi" look like any other social Greek-letter organization instead of revealing that one is Methodist and the other Congregational.

The number of the organizations and their large student membership is an indication of another feature of the type of religious work being carried on. This is the cooperation extended to the local churches. In 41 of the 44 land-grant institutions reporting on this section of the survey, the entering student indicates his church affiliation or preference. In 38 of these, this information is furnished immediately to the local church of that denomination so that an invitation may be extended during the first week to the new student to attend the church of his own denomination in the new locality. In 26 of these institutions the same information is also given to student organizations on the campus. In but five was it used merely for statistical purposes, and only one institution reported that this information was collected but no use was made of it. Only seven of the land-grant institutions stated that they advised prospective students to bring a letter of affiliation from their own church to the church of the same denomination in the college locality, and yet 80 per cent of the men and 82 per cent of the women in the landgrant institutions were reported as church members. The figure ranged from 30 to 95 per cent for men and from 22 to 95 per cent for women.

A very different emphasis is apparently being given to participation in religious activity on the campus than was true in former generations. Fourteen institutions reported on the number of students preparing for the ministry. In all 14 of these institutions there were but 108 men and 9 women actively preparing for the ministry, with 104 men and 56 women preparing for other religious work. In view of the predominately technical character of the land-grant institutions this relatively small number is probably of no special significance.

Twenty-three of the land-grant institutions report that the local churches arrange denominational meetings for the freshmen during freshman week, and 39 report that the town churches cooperate actively throughout the year with the religious organizations on the campus. All 39 report also that an equal opportunity is given to all denominations to participate in religious meetings on the campus. Some of the methods of cooperation mentioned were putting on special services, cooperating with the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, organizing special church and Sunday school classes for students, bringing leaders to the campus to conduct world forums, providing student pastors, maintaining a student religious council which includes Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish members, teaching religious courses and courses in comparative religions, and furnishing transportation to the students of their denomination on the first Sunday after college opens. In one institution the pastor of one of the student churches is a professor of psychology in the institution.

Many of the land-grant institutions report an active interest in fostering student discussion groups on religious questions. These

take the form of weekly groups under leadership, meeting Sunday, Monday, and Wednesday nights; weekly student forums; class dis cussion groups such as freshman, sophomore, and junior Bible classes; international interest groups such as the Cosmopolitan discussion group, and interracial discussion groups; and the organization of religious discussion groups in the various fraternity and sorority houses. In nearly all of these it was evident that they were organized in response to the desire of the students themselves and were conducted almost wholly by student initiative with help from interested faculty members, student pastors, and Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association secretaries.

Convocation

Whether the students assemble in a body for religious exercises or for meetings of quite another character most educators feel that there is a real value to be gained from the sharing of such common experience, the singing together with which the convocation usually opens, the common intellectual and emotional stimulus given to the entire audience by a speaker, and the feeling of unification that comes from attending the exercise in a large group. It is quite evident from the report of the land-grant institutions that although only 18 of them conduct chapel exercises, many more are aware of the values gained from this group experience. Thirty-five out of the 44 reporting hold regular convocations.

These are held at regular intervals in 21 of the institutions and on fairly frequent call in 18. The institution reporting the lowest frequency holds them twice a year, while several institutions set aside a weekly period reserved for convocation exercises, even though an all-student convocation may not be held every week.

There is something to be said for setting aside a regular convocation period. The faculty is notoriously fearful that the students will suffer irreparable loss if the number of class periods for any given course is invaded too frequently by outside speakers. When the convocation is not regularly arranged for on the class schedule of the institution there is more danger of this invasion and the students may miss the same class more than once in a single semester.

Where the meeting is not regularly scheduled at a definite period it is usually on the call of the president, but in three institutions it is on the call of the student-governing body of the institution, and in only one of these three does the president share with the student-governing board the responsibility of calling convocations. In 15 of the institutions a weekly convocation period is set aside and in 8 a semimonthly or monthly convocation is held. In two institutions the convocation is held at the first hour in the morning; in the rest it comes in the middle of the morning or just preceding the noon hour. A few mention additional assemblies toward the end of the afternoon, not for the whole student body, and not calling for the dismissal of all classes in

the institution. Only 12 of the institutions report compulsory attendance at convocations. Since in only 13 of the institutions is the auditorium large enough to accommodate the entire student body, it may be inferred that compulsory attendance coincides with the satisfactory capacity of the auditorium. One institution reports that freshmen are not permitted to attend convocation, since it is regarded as an upperclass privilege. The range of attendance is from 1 per cent to 100 per cent, with the median at about 50 per cent.

The president usually issues invitations to speakers for the convocations, although in several of the schools this is the duty of some other official, such as the dean of the college, the chairman of the convocation committee, the assistant to the president, the secretary of the college, and in one institution the secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association. It would seem that the person who plans the college convocation has to be on his guard because of the large number of individuals who feel that they have a precious message to deliver to the student bodies and who request the opportunity to speak. The number of requests made varies from none to 150 a year. Twenty-eight institutions report that all of these requests were considered but few were granted apparently. Speakers were refused permission to address the students in general assembly for a variety of reasons-conflict of dates, lack of general interest in the subject proposed, inability to meet the requested fee, known inability of the speaker to hold his audience, propagandism, extreme radicalism or religious bigotry, and the speaker's desire to raise money for private interest. One institution reported that a speaker who requested an audience was "rarely refused save for moral reasons."

It is interesting to note the large proportion of addresses devoted to foreign affairs. This type of address led all others in general frequency and sometimes in frequency within a single year within the same institution. Cultural subjects came second, technical subjects third, discussion of social and political questions fourth, and questions dealing exclusively with student life or the policies within the institutions ranked last in frequency. Five institutions report the holding of an honors convocation late in the spring when announcements are made of honors and distinctions in scholastic fields won by members of the student body. It would seem to be a wholesome tendency to make academic achievement at least somewhat comparable in the students' eyes to athletic prowess. Several institutions were unable to give any list of recent convocations held and said that no record was available. If the speakers are worth presenting to the entire student body, some record of their presence on the campus should be preserved in some office of the administration.

Although one institution remarked that the attendance at convocation was very poor because the students had to listen to lectures 16 hours a week anyway and felt that additional lectures were an

imposition, it is evident that the land-grant institutions are not unaware of their responsibility in quickening both the spiritual and the intellectual life of their students through meetings other than those of the regular classroom routine. It is also evident that even though the institution itself may heartily abjure any direct hand in providing a religions program for its student body, the students of the landgrant institutions are not spiritually and religiously starved. A vital and healthy student program of religious interest is maintained on practically every land-grant college campus, all the better perhaps for being student initiated. Institutional responsibility for mental stimulus is more whole-heartedly accepted than that for religious guidance.

The problem of the convocation everywhere would seem to be not how to provide good attractions of an intellectually challenging type but how to make such attractions compete successfully with the vast number of extracurricular interests promoted by the students themselves. No institution seems to have solved this problem of competition. Both the religious program and the extraclassroom intellectual program of the land-grant institutions challenge further study in order to reach their full effectiveness for the student bodies.

Chapter IX.-Scholarships and Fellowships

Eight thousand five hundred and seventy-two of the 151,196 students enrolled in resident collegiate courses in the land-grant colleges and universities in 1927-28 took advantage of the opportunities offered in these institutions to reduce the cost of their attendance, by means of scholarships, fellowships, assistantships, and other grants. This number would have been greatly increased had all of the scholarship offerings in the land-grant institutions been utilized that year. An attempt was made to ascertain just what this number would have been and several institutions reported not only the scholarships and fellowships awarded in 1927-28, but also those available but not awarded that year, but so few of the colleges supplied data with reference to the scholarships available but not awarded that this item was not considered in the report which follows.

All of the land-grant institutions reported the award of scholarships in 1927-28 with the exception of Louisiana State University, the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, and West Virginia University. Of the land-grant colleges in the outlying possessions, only the University of Hawaii reported the giving of scholarships in that year.

The 8,572 scholarships and fellowships ranged in value from less than $49 to more than $2,000. Their total value was between one and a half and two million dollars, an amount which students received without any obligation to repay, except in the higher ranges of values where some form of part-time service to the institutions or to the agency providing the scholarship fund was required. No loan scholarships were included in the report.

The awards showed that the scholarships and fellowships were granted from funds supplied by four major agencies-the State; the institution; organizations of different types, including alumni, clubs, patriotic societies, industrial concerns, etc.; and private individuals.

In a point of numbers of scholarships given, if not in money value, the State was the largest contributor. While only a small number of the States place scholarships in the land-grant institutions, those that do are very generous in their offerings. In 11 States

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