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"salt." In the words for "wave" all the branches of language differ. The Sund (sound) of the northern seas reappears in Sanskrit as sindhu (stream), and has there become the proper name of the Indus, and for us, after the example of the Persians, even that of India. Even for the oyster the inhabitants of the coasts of the German Ocean had to borrow a Greek name. Finally, the primitive Indo-Europeans in their navigation used the oar indeed, but no sails; and yet, if they had lived by the sea, these could hardly have remained unknown to them. Of metals they knew gold; far less certain are we as to silver in the earliest time. Their acquaintance with iron is scarcely to be doubted, as the agreement between the German, Sanskrit, and Zend here speaks quite plainly; but I doubt whether they knew brass or copper, for the agreement between the Latin as and the Gothic ais may easily arise from the Goths having borrowed the Latin word; and the Greek chalkos means, indeed, in Homer copper, and not till Pindar also iron. But as a cognate word in Russian means only iron, and the Greek chalkis is also the name of a black bird, I still think iron to be the older hotion, which was only subsequently transferred to another metal. Other metals than gold and iron, and perhaps silver and brass, were not known to the primitive Indo-Europeans; nor were they acquainted with precious stones or pearls.

I must here break off, reserving a farther series of arguments for a later dissertation. If what I have hitherto brought forward should let the proposition

that the primitive Indo-European people had its home in Germany still appear hypothetical-if, perhaps, we should not succeed at all in attaining absolute certainty on so difficult a question-I beg, on the other hand, the reader may calmly consider what arguments are really extant in favour of the conception hitherto current, and that, at the worst, hypothesis would only be opposed to hypothesis. At first the source of the mighty stream of peoples that poured down over half a world was looked for on the remote south-eastern frontier, and then, urged by weighty arguments, it was moved back only as far as was indispensably necessary. But as no point of the earth in this respect has any right of being preferred to another, a compromise is in no way better than a totally opposite view. Meanwhile only one of the two opposite hypotheses is supported by arguments; for as to the migration from the east, no evidence has ever been adduced in its favour. He, therefore, that eschews hypotheses must at least be just, and be satisfied not to know aught on the present question. But if he is inclined to give the preference to either hypothesis, I believe he will have to give it to that which is comparatively best established, even though the arguments should not yet suffice for a final decision.

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