was made by the disease, until the latter end of August, when it became decidedly epidemic, and continued to prevail with some severity until the early part of October, at which time a rapid decline took place, exactly coincident with the medical arrangements for.combating the malady, organised by yourself during your visit of inspection at the end of September.

"The following table, showing the number of deaths registered in each week for the several districts and for the hospital, will exhibit the course of the epidemic to some extent; commencing with the week ending June 16th, and concluding with that ending November 3d:

'In reference to the general characteristics of the five districts, it may be observed that the Market-Street district includes the principal business localities, the first-class shops, and, altogether, the bestconditioned places in a sanitary point of view; although, at its boundaries, it takes in some streets containing very low and objectionable dwellings. The St George's district is the chief resort of the Irish, and the neighbourhood where the low lodging-houses and cellar-residences are chiefly found, occupied largely by vagrants and persons pursuing petty employments, such as handloom weavers, mat-makers, hawkers, dealers in pedlars' wares, and so on. The Deansgate and London-Road districts are occupied for the most part by second

rate shopkeepers, and by mechanics and factory people. The Ancoats district has a large factory population, and is inhabited considerably by the more substantial operatives and shopkeepers dependent upon them. All the districts, however, contain a great number of courts, alleys, and cellars, inhabited very much by paupers, who furnish the principal materials for the ravages of epidemic disease.

"To exhibit the relative proportion in which these districts contributed to the cholera mortality, it will be necessary, with reference to the foregoing table, to correct the totals by adding the hospital deaths to the numbers of each district, according to the proportion of the removals from the same. Thus, of the 152 deaths occurring in hospital, 17 were from the Market-Street district, 58 from St George's, 26 from Deansgate, 21 from London Road, and 30 from Ancoats: making the fatal cases in and from the several districts as subjoined :

"The fatal cases taken to the hospital, with the districts wherein they arose, are exhibited in detail in the subjoined table :—

The total number of cholera patients treated in hospital from the

20001122200 88

Sept.

Oct.

18

25

end of June to the commencement of November was 276. They were from the several districts as shown below: the last column represents the instances furnished by the Pauper Night Asylum in Tib Street, which is in the Market-Street district :

'You will perceive, from the whole of the foregoing figures, that prior to your operations in this locality, no indications of decline were observable in the epidemic. Your arrival in Manchester took place on Monday the 24th September; and in four days (on Friday the 28th September) the preventive organisation was partially in action. By Monday, October 1st, all the medical officers and visitors were at work; not, however, till Wednesday the 3d October was the machinery in complete operation, at which period superintendents, medical officers, visitors, and dispensaries, each fulfilled their respective parts as prescribed by the instructions issued under your sanction; and from this latter date the returns daily were punctually made.

The following abstract from the general returns of each day displays, in a very interesting point of view, the impression that your measures made upon the epidemic. Each column exhibits the daily results as regards the discovery of new cases, and the issue of instances returned as cholera :

"The significance of the preceding table you will readily appreciate -cholera cases diminished at once and rapidly. If, as was thought by some persons, the result was attributable to diminished temperature, or to the natural decline of the epidemic, there should have been a simultaneous and proportionate diminution in the amount of diarrhoea; this, however, you will see, was not so: incipient cholera or diarrhoea raged for nearly three weeks after the measures were in operation, but confirmed cases had become of rare occurrence.'

PART III.

THE PROGRESS OF CIVILISATION AND ITS INFLUENCE

ON HEALTH.

THE ROMANS AND THE BARBARIANS-HABITS AND HEALTH OF SAVAGESWHAT IS PROGRESS IN CIVILISATION?-HABITS OF THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE-HABITS OF THE ENGLISH IN FORMER TIMES-PROGRESS OF HABITS IN SCOTLAND-DISEASES THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED IN THE PROGRESS OF CIVILISATION-EVILS OF PART OF THE POPULATION BEING LEFT IN BARBARISM WHILE THE OTHER IS ELEVATED ABOVE IT.

THE ROMANS AND THE BARBARIANS.

The most satisfactory evidence of the beneficial effect of removing noxious agencies, is in the extent to which they have already been beneficially removed from one considerable portion at all events of the population of modern times. Among ancient nations the Romans appear to have been fastidiously clean, both in their persons and their dwellings; and we may casily believe that among the horrors to which they were exposed in the inroads of the barbarians, not the least loathsome must have been the barbarous and revolting personal habits of their masters. In modern Europe, we are accustomed to hear the tone of haughty fastidiousness vent itself on the calamity of coming in contact with barbarous but subjected classes, the aboriginal natives of distant dependencies; but for those accustomed to the purity and nicety of a high state of civilisation to come under the rod and mastership of filthy barbarians, was so rare a fate in the later history of Europe, that the experience of it must have been almost limited to the few victims of the piratical cruisers of the Levant.

From the darkest ages after the fall of Rome down to the present time, the upper classes of society seem to have made a pretty steady progress onwards in the practice of sanitary precautions a practice founded more on the gradual acquisition of fastidious tastes intolerant of whatever might offend the senses, than on any systematic philosophy relating to the preservation of life. No one can look at the Norman towers of our old feudal nobility without being convinced that they must have been places of darkness and dirt-undrained, unventilated, full of impurities and