LATE FELLOW OF ST. CATHERINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; BARRISTER-AT-LAW; AND

OFFICIATING STANDING COUNSEL TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,

CALCUTTA:
THACKER, SPINK AND CO.,

Publishers to the Calcutta University.
BOMBAY: THACKER, VINING & Co. Madkas: HIGGINBOTHAM & Co.

LONDON : W. THACKER & Co.

CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY THACKER, SPINK & co.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LECTURE 1.

THE HINDOO PERIOD.

Page

Scope of the present subject-Nature of sources of information-Express Hindoo

law as to land—Menu does not show extent of rights in land-Obligation of

cultivator to cultivate—The king's share—The village as referred to in

Menu-The village as inferred from observation and analogy-Lord Met-

calfe's description of the village communities–Such communities found in

all parts of India-The village lands and homesteads-A self-governing cor-

poration–The development from the joint family-The lands at first held

in common but divided at an early period—Immigrants—Servile dependants

-Three classes of cultivators with interests in the land-Khoodkashts-

Their rights regulated by custom-In Southern India—Their right to occupy

60 long as they cultivated and paid the customary revenue–The transfer-

ability of their rights-Rates paid by them--Paid a higher rate than other

cultivators formerly—Their privileges—The second class of cultivators-

Their rights in the land-What occupation sufficient-Less complete rights

than khoodkashts-Assessment upon them-The mere pyekashts-Rates paid

by them- Precarious nature of their rights—The village constitution—The

village officers-Mode of payment—The servile labourers of the village-The

headman-Partly elective and partly hereditary office—The State could dis-

miss-His functions-His emoluments-In Orissa villages-Dismissal - Mode

of assessment of revenue-Mode of payment-When headman refused to

agree to assessment-Headman not a farmer of the revenue-But he and the

village responsible-Headman long recognised–The putwarry and canoongoo

-The zemindar—The chowdhry-The amount of the king's share-Pro-

prietary rights

LECTURE II.

THE MAHOMEDAN PERIOD.

The transition from the Hindoo to the Mahomedan period not a sudden one-The

Mahomedan invaders of India—Their system non-hereditary-The Hindoo

system hereditary-Struggle between the two systems—The Mahomedan

system a centralised one-The Mahomedan land theory—The Khiraj—The

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Ooshr-The Sowad of Irak-Proprietary rights according to Mahomedan law

-The two kinds of khiraj-Implied ownership in different persons—Resem.

blance of wuzeefa khiraj to the tax paid by the khoodkashts-Extent of pro-

prietary right-Power of alienation-Amount of khiraj-Remission of khiraj

-Mode of enforcing payment-Procedure when cultivator made default-

Waste land-Similarity between Mahomedan and Hindoo systems—The

Mahomedans continued the Hindoo system—The khiraj not formally imposed

-Attempted changes-Proprietary rights not disturbed –Proprietary rights

gradually affected by the Mahomedan system-The revenue machinery-The

headman-The origin of the zemindar— The village community-Summary

-The crory-Influence of Mahomedan and English ideas—The zemindar-

Descent of a zemindary and talook —Jageerdars—Ala-ood-deen's attempt to

curb the zemindars.

.

40

LECTURE III.

AKBAR'S SETTLEMENT.

Akbar's or Todar Mull's settlement for ten years—Four classes of land—Mode of

ascertaining average produce for one season-Average of ten years then

taken-New assessment lower than former rate-Proportion taken by the

State-The rebba-A fixed money-rate the main object of the settlement-

The position of the ryot not affected-The Assul toomar jumma-The old

methods of rendering the revenue might still be adopted-Remissions and

deductions—The settlement made with the ryots direct—The headman-The

zemindar-Attempted return to the Hindoo system—The settlement only

partially carried out-Commencement of the modern revenue system-Todar

Mull's assessment the basis of all subsequent assessments—The fiscal divi.

sions-Khalsa and jageer lands-Khalsa lands-Jageer lands-Havilly lands

-The soubah-The circar--The chucklah-Three stages of fiscal division-

Zemindaries-A cutcherry attached to each division of the zemindary-Fiscal

organization above the zemindar—The crory_The foujdar aumildar-Claims

of fiscal officers to hereditary rights—Military force employed in revenue

collection-The crory's emoluments—The canoongoe-The putwarry--The

chucklah superseded the circar-Attempts at centralization-Hindoos filled

the lower revenue offices, and Mahomedans the higher-The aumil-His

subordinates

.

LECTURE IV.

THE ZEMINDAR.

Hindoo times—Growth of the zemindar-The office hereditary-Conflict of

authorities--Struggle between opposing principles—The zemindar an here-

ditary revenue contractor—The sunnud-Contents of the sunnud-The arzee

-The furd-sewal—The furd-huckeekut—The muchulka—The perwanneh-

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Duties of the zemindar-Amount of revenue paid by him—The zemindars

ultimately looked upon as landlords—The Nautwars-Zemindars in Behar-

The sunnuds of Jaffier Khan-A zemindary alienable—The zemindar's emo-

luments-Surplus revenue-Settlement with Government-The hustabood

Settlement with the ryots-Mode of enhancing the ryot's rent-Customary

rates—The khamar land-Remissions of revenue-Neej-jote and nankar-

Extent of nankar—The purjote-Julkur, bunkur, ghasskur and phulkur-

Cesses—Allowances to the zemindar—The zemindar's emoluments official in

their origin-Dismissal of the zemindar--Allowances to displaced zemindars-

Under-renting—The proceedings of Jaffier Khan-His attempt to reduce the

zemindar's power-Severe measures adopted—The zemindars regained their

power-Discussion of the zemindar's position :

.

LECTURE V.

THE TALOOKDAR AND OTHER OFFICERS. THE ASSESSMENT OF REVENUE AND

RENT AND THEIR AMOUNT.

The talookdar-One class sprung from the ancient rajahg-Hereditary claim-

Another class of modern talookdars—The talookdar's position—The talook-

dar's emoluments—Subordinate interests—Talooks created by zemindars-

Discussion of the talookdar's position—The canoongoe—His duties-His

emoluments-Abolition and restoration of the office-The putwarry-His

daties—His emoluments-Mode of assessment The koot and the tookhem

rezi-The doul bundobust—The hat-hackcut-Net revenue payable by the

zemindar-Khas collection and farming—Accounts—The muzkoorat-Rent

and revenue-Settlement with the ryots-Cesses -- The condition of the ryots

--Rates paid by the ryots-Amount of revenue-The assul-Abwabs-Khas-

noveesy-Jaffier Khan's abwabs-Nuzzeranah mocurrery-Zer mathoot-Ma-

thoot feelkhaneh-Foujdarry-Chout Mahratta-Ahuk-Nuzzeranah Munsoor-

gunge-Cossim Ali's abwabs-Serf sicca half-anna-The tuckseem-Propor-

tion of produce taken as revenue

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LECTURE VI.

THE PAYMENT OF REVENUE. ASSIGNMENTS OF REVENUE.

Payment of revenue-Payment originally in kind-Mode of ascertaining share to

be paid-Payment in kind fell into disuse-Remedies for non-payment-

Application of the revenue-Jageers—Lakhiraj—Milk-Practice of assigning

revenue very ancient-Growth of jageers—These grants usually of revenue

and not of land-Zemindar's rights in jageer lands-Milk and muddud-mash

grants Altumghas-Jageers-Purposes for which jageers were granted-The

jageer now hereditary and alienable-The conditional jageers—The uncondi.

tional jageer-Yetool—Powers and liabilities of the jageerdar-Dues to