head, which is with difficulty removed, and which, by the flighteft accidents, is fo increafed, that the patient can neither endure any noife, any loud voice, the fplendor of the light, or any motion; but feeks retirement from noife, and a dark chamber, on account of the intenfe pain; for fome imagine, that they are beaten with a mallet, others that their heads are contufed and diftended, and, in fome few, the pain reaches to the roots of the eyes; fo that, in this fpecies of pain, we have no reafon to doubt but the whole membrane of the head is fe verely afflicted.' If it happens that the pain affects one fide of the head only whilt the other remains found and unaffected, that fpecies of the diforder is by the Greeks called hemicrania. Some times it happens that the pain is fixed in the crown of the head, and confined within a certain fpace, fcarcely exceeding the largenefs of an half guinea; this fpecies of the diforder is peculiarly incident to women, efpecially fuch as are hyfteric, and is diftinguished by the name of clavus. Sometimes a highly acute pain feizes the forehead, and parts about the eye brows; fometimes it affects the crown of the head near the vertical future; at other times it rather affects the temples. Nor is the pain and fenfation of it always one and the fame; for one fpecies of it is acute, another pungent; and another lancinating; one refembles that of a contufion, another is accompanied with a sense of weight and preffure. Some pains are of the conftrictory, and others of the violently hot and inflammatory kind; whereas others are accompanied with a fenfation of cold, fuch as that which principally feizes women in the crown of the head. In general, the caufe of every pain of the head is to be deduced from an interruption of the free and equable progreflive and circular mo tion of the blood through the bloodveffels, and diftributed through the fkin of the head, the pericranium, and the dura mater. No phyfician has more exactly, or in a more mechanical manner, defcribed the cause and origin of the pains in the head, than Hippocrates, who, in the 13th fection of his book de Flatibus, beautifully delivers his fentiments in the following words: As the motion of the blood in the head, fays he, is performed through very narrow paffages, the redundance and confinement of this fluid excite pain; for, as the blood is naturally hot, when it is impelled by any force, it cannot quickly pats through this narrow channel, fince it meets with many hindrances and obstructions; for which reafon there is a pulfation about the temples.' It is alfo to be obferved, that various fpecies of pains are produced, according to the different states and conditions of the blood, whether the fault confifts in its redundance, its thick and glutinous quality, or in its being impregnated with an highly acrid ferum; for, when it rushes too impetuoufly, and in too large a quantity upon the membranes, which principally happen in plethoric patients, young perfons, and in cafes where accustomed difcharges of blood from the nofe are fuppreffed, a pain generally feizes the whole head, which then becomes hot, red, and tumid; the veffels fwell, and their pulfation becomes ftrong, efpecially about the neck and temples; the noftrils become parched and dry, a violent heat feizes the glands of the throat, and the patient is tormented with thirst. When the blood, collected in the veffels of the head, abounds with a large quantity of acrid ferum, either from an obftruction or fuppreflion of a running at the nofe, a pain arifes, efpecially in the forehead, of the heavy and dull kind, attended with a fenfation of preffure; and and fometimes the patient's head, becomes, as it were, fo. weighty and heavy, that he can fcarce lift it up. It frequently happens, that, in the fkin of the head, especially on the crown, there arife tumours, in which the finger leaves an impreilion, the perfon's pulfe, in the mean time, being languid and livid. This fpecies of diforder was long ago obferved by Celfus, in the fecond chapter of his fourth book, where he fays: Befides thefe, there is another fpecies of pain, which may laft for a great while, in which the humours inftate the fkin, which becomes tumid, and yields to the preffure of the finger,' In the fmall pox and meafles, before the peccant matter is, by the force of nature, driven to the furface of the body, or, what is ftill worfe, when the matter is repelled, there often arifes, in children, a violent pain in the head, accompanied with a fever, a delirium, and an epilepfy in which cafe, when a fmall quantity of cauftic matter creates the pain, the fymptoms are rather to be accounted for from a preternatural ftricture of the mem. branes, than from. their diftention, which is rather produced by a redundance of serum and blood. There often arifes in the head a pain fo fixed, fo lafting, fo acute and intenfe, as to disturb the animal and rational powers, to deprive the patient of fleep, to hinder the digeftion, to create a naufea and loathing of food, and often to bring on the moft violent diforders of the head and nerves, fuch as a vertigo, dimnefs of fight, cataracts, blindness, ringing of the ears, convulfions, and epilepfies. This violent and intenfe pain, by drawing the other nervous parts of the body into confent, exites alfo vomitings, coltiveness, and coldnefs of the extremities; it makes the patient's countenance resemble that of a dying perfon. As for the caufe and origin of a head-ach, we must not forget that this may be a natural imbecility of the nervous parts of the head, conveyed from parents to their children; for the weaker any part is, or the more it is deprived of its due tone and elafticity, the more eafily and readily it receives and retains any foreign humour; and hence arifes a ftagnation of the fluids, and a diforder of the nervous parts.. Nor ought we to exclude, from the number of the remote caufes productive of this pain, cold, which, as it is prejudicial to all the nervous parta when afflicted with pain, and hinders a free tranfpotation through the pores of the fkin, fo it proves, in a particular manner, hurtful, when admitted to the bare head, or when the head is not fufficiently guarded against the nocturnal cold; or when the head, becoming warm by long fpeaking, violent exercife, the influence of the fun, paffions, or large quantities of fpirituous and intoxicating liquors, is fuddenly expofed to the cold in rainy weather, and more especially in the nighttime. We must alfo advert to this, that a cephalalgia, or partial head-ach, is often no more than the concomitant fyouptom of a difeafe. Thus it frequently accompanis continued and intermittent fevers, and more efpecially thote of the quarten kind., Thofe who have the misfortune of a bad digeftion, or labour under what we call the hypochondriac paffion, are frequently af flicted with head-achs; for, when the firft paffages are incumbered with a load of peccant humours, and when the fpafms and flatulences arifing thence convey too large a quantity of hu mours to the head, the preternatural congeftons of thefe humours produces diftentions of the veffels, which the nervous coats are hurt, and pain created. It is alfo certain, that a hemicrania, or pain on one fide of the head, is frequently produced by a fault of the ftomach, whilft, in confequence of a bad digeftion, many crudities are ge Rerated, which, mixing with the chy's, chyle, are conveyed, through the thoracic duct, to the heart, and, being thence conveyed to the head, béfore their evacuation through proper emunctories, they excite periodical pains, which generally feize the patient, when the digeftion is finished; or undigefted humours, contained in the ftomach, may immediately affect the perves thereof, and caufe a head-ach. We alfo obfèrve; that children ate pretty fubject to head-achs, hot only becaufe, at this age, a lefs exact regimen is obferved, and the ftomach is generally loaded with fweet-meats, unripe fruits, Cheesecakes, and aliments prepared of milk, but alfo because worms, to the generation of which children are much exposed; lay a foundation for this diforder, whilft the putrid and corrupt humours; conveyed to the head along with the chyle, deprive the moving and elastic membranes of their natural tone and strength. It muft alfo be obferved, that the pain does not continually, and without intermiffion, afflict the patient; it has fometimes its lucid intervals, in which, to the great comfort of the patient, it femits, or intirely ceafes; but returns a gain at certain ftated hours; days, months, and even years. This is a certain indication, that the caufe of the diforder is lodged in the more remote parts, efpecially in the ftomach and vifcera of the abdomen; by any fault of which, when the free circulation of the blood thro' the whole body, but mote efpecially thro' the head, is obftructed, the head-ach is excited. As the caufes of this diforder are vafious, they ought to be carefully diftinguifhed and inquired into, becaufe, in removing them, the whole method of cure in a great measure confifts, But, in general, the intentions of cure, in this diforder, are thefe following: Firit, If the blood and humours are impetuously conveyed to the head, and remain there, they are partly to be derived to the more ignoble parts, and partly to be difcuffed by proper temedies. Secondly, The fpafmodié ftrictures of the membranes of the head, generally produced by an acrid caustic matter, ate to be relaxed, that the fluids, whofe progreffive motion through the membranes was by their means hindered, may now circulate with the greater freedom, Thirdly, The material caule of the difordér, which is peccant with refpect to its quality, is to be corrected, and gently evacuated thro' the proper emunctories, And; Lastly, In order to prevent a relapfe, the whole head and nervous fyftem are to be corroborated by proper remedies; and more especially by a well-chosen diet and regimen. If the caule of the pain is too large a quantity of blood violently propelled to the head by the pains of the lowef parts, no remedy affords a more inftantaneous relief, than Blood-letting; which ought to be performed as near the part affected as pollible, in order to make the more effectual derivation, for inftance, under the tongue, in the forehead, or in the external jugulat veins, or by the application of lecches behind the ears; but with this caution; that; if the body be plethoric, or too turgid with blood, a vein is to be previously opened at the ancles, and the hext, or the fecond day after, a vein is to be breathed about the head. I also think it advifeable, before this ftep is taken, to evacuate the contents of the inteftines, which is commodi oully, and to the great relief of the patient, effected by the common family clyfters, or by infufions of manna and thubarb, with an addition of fome aperient falt; as cream of tartar, of Glauber's tale. In order to check the too violent orgafm; and tumultuous commotion of the redundant and effervefcent Blood; it is proper to exhibit a gentle diaphoretic and correcting mixture, prepated of the waters of lime flowers, filiet of of the valley, elder, and black cherries, with an addition of a proper quantity of diaphoretic antimoney; purified nitre, calcined hartfhorn, cinnabar, and fyrup of white poppies. Externally, a difcutient and correcting epithem is to be applied, with a double linen cloth, to the forehead and other parts of the head. The epithem for this intention may be prepared in the following manner: Take of the vinegars of tofes and tut, each an ounce and a half; of the spirit of roles two drachms, in which fix grains of camphire have been diffolved; of purified nitte two fcruples; of the oil of rhodium fifteen drops. Or the following emulfion may be ufed with confiderable fuccefs : Take of the kernels of peaches, and of bitter almonds, each half an ounce; white poppy-feeds two drachms of the waters of rofes, elder-flowers, and black cherties, each two ounces: Make into an emulfion, to which add of nitre half a drachm, of camphire five grains diffolved in oil of fweet almonds; mix all together. But another and quite different method of cure is neceffary, if a pain, which generally continues for a confiderable time, and is accompanied with å torpor and fenfe of weight, is produced by a quantity of vitcid and peccant ferum ftagnating within or without the vellels of the membranes of the brain; in which cafe, neither vene fections nor the milder laxatives are fufficiently efficacious; fo that it is propet to exhibit more powerful medicines, which have, at once, a power of diflodging the thick and glutinous humours, and expelling the contents of the inteftines. Both thefe intenti ons are excellently anfwered by the following pills: Take of pure gum ammoniac, fa each half a drachm; of the extract of faffron, of the powder of caftor, and the falt of amber each fifteen grains: Make up into a mafs; out of each feruple of which make twelve pills, fix of which may be taken at night, and the other fix next morning. The patient is at this time to abftain from all aliments, except weak broths. Three days being expired, the fame remedy may be repeated. When the peccant ferum is, by means of these pills, fufficiently evacuated, we are to have recourte to fuch medicines as corroborate the vellels, restore the tone, and are at the fame time diuretic. If the pain is not, by these means, removed, we must have recourfe to external applications; among which, blifters are of the highest and most confiderable service, because they pro cure an elimination of the peccant ftagnating humours. For this pure pole, melilot plajfter, with every ounce of which a drachm of cantharides is mixed, adding at the fame time a few grains of camphire, will be very proper. The breadth of a crown-piece of this plaifter may be applied to the nape of the neck; and continued at pleasure, taking care to renew it at proper intervals: By this means, a remarkable quantity of ferous humour will be évacuated, without difcommoding the patient. But in a violent pain of the head, and in cafes where, in confequence of the ferum ftagnating under the integuments of the skull, there is a tumor, which is not only vifible, bu: alfo painful upon being touched, Webfer, after fhaving the head, ufed to apply a blister to the whole of it; the effect produced generally was, that, without railing blifters, a large quantity of the vifcid feruin was evacuted. The fame kind of remedy was used by Riverus, with fuccefs, in an obftinate head-ach. It fometimes happens, that only a particular place is feized with an intenfe pain, arifing from peccant matter fecurely and deeply rooted in the membranes, membranes; in which cafe, Chefneau, a celebrated French phyfician, highly extols the ufe of the ranunculus pratenfis, or meadow crowfoot, as a veficatory. The leaves of this plant, when bruifed, he orders to be applied to the part affected, which is at the fame time to be covered with a perforated plaifter. Great fuccefs has alfo at tended the application of equal quantities of dry volatile falt of fal ammoniac and of the flower of mustard-feed, because the peccant humours, being deeply rooted, require medicines proportionably ftrong; and thefe enumerated above will feldom fail of producing the defired effect. TH An authentic and particular Account of the Campaign in Bohemia. HE king of Pruffia conferred the chief command in Pruflia on Marthal Leewald, and that in Silefia on Marthal Schwerin, referving to himself the principal army intended to act in Saxony and Bohemia. He knew that the Saxon generals had chofen Pierna for the rendezvous of their troops, as the most convenient for deceiving the Pruilian army, if it fhould advance into Bohemia, and for receiving fuccours from the Auf trians. Upon the first motion of the king, the Saxons abandoned all their garrifons bordering on Brandenburg, and took poft between the Moldaw and the Elbe. They afterwards returned to their quarters, and, a fecond time, broke up and repaired to their refpective cantonments. The king then marched with his troops, divided into three columns, towards Pirna: The first fet out from Magdeburg, under Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, directing their rout by Leipfic, Borna, Kemnitz, Freyberg, Dippolfwalde, te Cotta. The fecond, commanded by the king in perfon, marched through Pretích, Torgau, Lonmatích, Wilf druff, Drefden, and Zehift. The third, under the prince of BrunfwickBevern, croffed Lufatia, and took its rout through Elfterwerde, Bautzen, Stolpe, to Lohmm. These three columns arrived on the very fame day at the camp of Pirna, which they inveited. The poft of Pirna was joined on the right to the fortrefs of Sonneftein; on the left to that of Konningtein. The front was inacceffible, being a craggy rock, in fome parts covered with vaft pine-trees, of which the Saxons, for their greater fecurity had felled great numbers. Behind Sonneftein and Pirna flows the Elbe, among rough and inacceflible rocks. This fituation determined the king to turn the attack into a blockade; on the other hand, the Saxons omitted nothing that might induce him to proceed in his march, without attacking them. But if on one hand, no direct attack was thought advifeable; fa, on the other, no enemy was to be left behind. The Pruffian troops, befides ftrictly blockading the Saxons, took poffeffion of the pofts of Leopoldshain, Markerfdorf, Hellendorf, Hennerfdorf Cotta, Zehift, Seditz, as far as the Elbe; where, by a bridge, they had a communication with the poft of Lohmm, Welen, Obrefwaden, and Schandau, to form an army of oblervation, and intercept the Austrian fuccours. In thefe different places were diftributed 38 battalions, and 30 fquadrons, 29 battalions and 70 fquadrons were deitined for Bohemia, which they entered by datachments, moving to Peterswalde, Aufig, and Jonsdorf. This body was commanded by Marfhal Keith, by whofe orders General Manftein made himfelf mafter of the castle of Ketfchen, taking a hundred Auftrian prifoners. The marshal encamped at Jonsdorf, where he ftaid till the end of the month. Hitherto Marshal Browne had kept clofe in his camp at Kollin; M de Pic colomini lay at Konigfgratz, and Marfhal Schwerin, after paffing thro' the county of Glatz, had advanced to Nachot, afterwards to the banks of the Mettaw, and laftly to Aujet, where he |