At present, by reason of a large military establishment by sea and land, which foreign invasion has rendered necessary, the revenue falls short of the expenses. But as these expenses are nearly two-thirds greater than they would be in time of peace, a very considerable surplus would remain if this incubus were removed, without reckoning the increase that would daily take place in every branch of the revenue, if tranquillity and security were established throughout the country, and all its resources nourished and augmented by the fostering hand of an enlightened and beneficent government. Here, then, in this section alone, we have a large income, out of which provision might be made for the British creditor, all squandered away in military expenses. And for this, as we said before, England is responsible, not only to her own subjects, but to the whole civilized world-to the common family of mankind! Having the power and the right to interfere, her supineness is unjust, inhuman, and, what is scarcely less to be deplored, it is most despicable!

From the weather-beaten plains of Pasco, at the enormous height of 14,000 feet, the Doctor leads us down the Quebreda, pointing out to us all that is worthy of notice on the road, till, at the distance of twenty-two leagues, and the mediate elevation of 7000 feet, he lands us in his happy valley-the valley of Huanaco where he resided for three years. He describes it with evident tenderness, yet, with the same candour that marks all his work, he clearly shows us that Providence has done every thing there and man nothing, and that it is only another exemplification of the melancholy truth, that where the Maker has been most profuse, the creature is most indifferent. From Huanaco our attention is naturally directed to the fertile regions which confine upon it-to the Pampa del Sacramento and the river Amazons-the richest plain and noblest river in all the world. What would we have given to have walked the timid unconfiding Malthus over this ground! But, alas! no body walks there but the painted savage; and, up to this day, the fairest portion of the earth is useless to man, and hath never fulfilled the intention of its beneficent Creator! Notwithstanding

the fine periods of Don Jose Lagos y Lemus, it is very certain that there has hitherto existed a great prejudice against the admission of foreigners to these regions, and that the navigation of the Amazons has not been desired by the people of Peru. Lieutenant Smyth and Mr Lowe experienced this; and it was the true reason why those praise-worthy individuals failed of the principal object of their enterprize.

"It is the ordinary practice," says our author, in his chapter on the Inca Indians, "for the whole body of men to co-operate in any great work, such as constructing bridges for their common good, or building houses for the convenience of individuals, on which occasions one party conducts stones and turf, another builds the walls, a third conveys timber from the distant woods, and a fourth cuts and lays on the thatch," &c.

This is an interesting relic of Inca discipline. By this division of labour and unity of purpose, which they learned from the bees better than from treatises on political economy, they constructed those stupendous works whose ruins we survey with amaze. ment-in Cuzco-in Tia-Huanacoin the aqueducts, which are still the best in the country, after three centuries of civilisation-in the royal roads, those Giant's Causeys, which traverse the whole empire, and which Humboldt, if we remember right, prefers before the Roman! That enlightened traveller might have added that they are also monuments of a refined policy worthy of the conquerors of the world; for the Incas, like the Cæsars, considered no country subjected to their dominion until they had made a high road through it for their legions.

The Indians are said to indulge in the hope of yet seeing a prince of their own race on the throne; and such has been their well-founded and now habitual mistrust of the whites, that they have never revealed where all their own treasures and those of the Incas, which were buried after the death of Atahualpa, are to be found."

(Note, vol. ii., p. 168.) There is no doubt that treasures to an incalculable amount are concealed under ground, the secret of which passes down from father to son, among these enduring, self-denying people. Many of them are living in great apparent

poverty and discomfort, who are masters of wealth. It is said that a father's and a nation's curse pursues the wretch who reveals the secret inheritance to the white man. However that may be, there is a common superstition among them, that some great calamity is sure to follow the disclosure, and, truth to say, the presentiment has but too frequently been verified. Too frequently, when any of these poor creatures, through gratitude or affection to their masters or their compadresfor they love intensely when they love at all have imparted the fatal secret, they have fallen victims to the avarice of those whom they desired to bless, and been murdered lest they should be equally generous to others. Alas! what a heart-rending volume might be composed of anecdotes in illustration of this fact! Surely, avarice is the worst, the most corrupting, the most fiendish of all the vices which deform humanity; and He who only knew the heart of man, would seem to signify as much, when He placed Mammon in direct opposition to God"Ye cannot serve God and Mammon." A very considerable treasure was dis. covered some years before the Revolution, amidst the ruins of an ancient Indian city in the neighbourhood of Truxillo; it amounted to five millions of dollars, and the Indians of that district were for ever exempted by the King of Spain from the payment of tribute, as an acknowledgement of this involuntary bequest of their ancestors. The entry in the archives of the Treasury, which records the fact, is still to be seen, and is one of the Lions of Truxillo. This treasure was denominated by the Indians the peje chico"the little fish ;"-the peje grande "the large fish"- remains hidden, though many attempts have been made, and companies formed for the purpose of discovering it.

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Nothing, we are told, vol. ii. p. 175, but the wildest disorder pervades every department of the social and political system of Peru." What else could be expected, seeing they have endeavoured to make of the country that which it is not fit for-nor indeed any other-a republic-the insolent achievement of mere human reason? But of all countries there is none so unfit for a republic as Peru. Is it not, to use the French proverb, "le bois dont on en fait." Our author's friend,

whom he introduces as a mourner of his country's woes, proposes a desperate remedy-" Enlighten the mass of our people," says he: alas! knowledge is a fearful gift-he knows not what a demon he invokes ;-" your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods,' was the treacherous suggestion of the great enemy of man! No! establish a government which shall have a natural and lasting interest in the preservation of the country-let industry and domestic habits be cherished-let every man feel himself secure under his vine and fig-tree-let piety be inculcated and vice discountenancedand leave the enlightening of the mass to Him who alone can enlighten without inflaming! But, unhappily, knowledge is power; maxims have found their way into this benighted land, and the darkness is fearfully illuminated by the unhallowed lights of Materialism, Utilitarianism, &c. Enlighten the masses! how little of philosophy, after all, do we find in this! What is it but to excite the substratum of society, which ought to be in a state of wholesome repose as the foundation of the whole edifice? Put it in motion, and what becomes of the superstructure? The effect of agitation is as ruinous as the spirit is diabolical. If things be left as God has placed them, the natural brooding warmth, and benignant action of the upper class, will always sublime, and rarify, and draw up into itself a certain portion of the class below, so that, by an exquisite adaptation—a nicely balanced action and re-action which is beyond the wisdom of man, the surface of society will draw a constant supply of life and vigour from its base, without depriving it of its essential solidity. But if this arrangement be interfered with, if any change be made in the relative position, in the weight and measure, of the parts, the whole scheme is broken up, and "chaos is come again!" Consider those awful volumes of electric fire which are for ever sweeping over the surface of our atmosphere, nourishing, we may suppose, and tempering its higher parts-if they were to come down to our region below, or our subordinate elements were to ascend into theirs, what would be the consequence? The conflagration of the world!

In his concluding chapter, our au

thor has given us an excellent manual of prophylactic rules, which every one who visits the regions to which they apply will do well to observe. We particularly approve of the following caution" All excess in the cuticular secretion should be avoided by every proper means, such as suitable clothing, temperate living, aud moderate bodily exertion, &c. The contrary practice of encouraging sweats by heating drinks has a bad tendency, both moral and physical; physically, it produces sooner or later gastric and hepatic diseases; morally, it furnishes a pretext and excuse for deep potations; and the end of all is, a broken-down constitution, and a mind impaired in its noblest powers."—Vol. 2, p. 201. How many victims are annually sacrificed to that devilish suggestion, which appears to sanction indulgence with the authority of wisdom, that where perspiration is profuse, drinking should be more so!

The necessity in all changes of climate of attending to the cuticular economy is very powerfully exemplified in the following interesting fact related in the Appendix. "The black cattle of the Sierra do not endure the climate of the coast; immediately that they descend from their native mountains, to use the vulgar expres. sion, they become touched: that is, they become stupified, and die with amazing rapidity. On examining the entrails of cattle thus cut off, the liver, which has a broiled appearance, is observed to be indurated. I conceive that these animals are affected by transition of climate in the same manner as the human species; for as soon as the bullocks from the high and cold regions of the Andes arrive on the warm coast, the circulation of their blood is unusually accelerated and directed to the surface; but, as the skin which covers them is too thick and unyielding to allow of proper transpiration, the consequence is, that there arises an ardent fever which destroys them. In beeves, this fever is more violent and burning than it is in the paco or alco, because the skin of the latter, being of thinner texture than that of the oxen, offers less resistance to the outlet of the humours: so that, in the animals of finer skin, there comes out a salutary eruption which saves them, while in the black cattle nothing of this sort occurs, and there

fore they perish with incredible celerity."-Vol. 2, p. 246.

The two divisions of the Appendix which treat of the zoology of Western Peru, and the geology of the country in the neighbourhood of Arequipa are interesting, not only for the information which they contain, but as embracing all that has been written on natural history by native Peruvians. We are amused with the quaint formality with which the author of the former of these divisions quotes the Trojan war, as an instance of epidemics beginning with animals. It is a proof, however, of the old bard's accurate observation of nature-an essential quality of all poets, by the bye. If we remember rightly, Thucydides, in his admirable description of the plague of Athens, mentions that it began with dogs. In Peru, towards the end of 1825, a frightful and very fatal epidemic broke out among horses, and was communicated to human beings, as we can answer from our own painful experience, having taken it from a favourite horse. It resem.. bled the glanders; for there was a virulent defluxion from the nose, and, in some cases, the bronchial glands inflamed and suppurated. The remedy which was most successful among horses was fumigation with sulphur. It is certain that epidemics do often begin with the lower animals; whether or not they be more particularly fatal to our species when they thus ascend to us from below, we cannot say, but the matter is worth enquiring into.

Speaking of the desert which is traversed in ascending from the coast to Arequipa, our author says:-" Travellers have remarked, that along this arid plain, which extends about twenty leagues inland, there are numerous moveable sand-hills, of regular figure like a half-moon, with the convex side always looking to the sea."—Vol. ii. p. 273.

We have often journeyed among these half-moons. They are composed of the lighter particles of the sand, which is generally of a greyish colour and mixed with pumice-stone, indicating a volcanic origin. That these crescents move we are inclined to doubt. That they have been formed by the trade-wind, is evident from their convex sides being invariably turned to the direction from whence

it blows, about S.S.E. Some obstruction, a skeleton perhaps, may have arrested the sand in its flight, and served as a nucleus round which it has been accumulated. We cannot remember ever to have seen a bird in this desert, or, indeed, any other living thing than the lizard: and that it is not visited by birds of prey, may be inferred, we think, from the fact, that the animals which have perished there are dried up with their skin and muscle.

On the ecclesiastical jubilee, with which the Appendix concludes, we will only observe that we have read it with mingled indignation, contempt, and compassion. The flagitious excesses of Papacy are supposed by many charitable Christians, to be over-painted.

Dr. Smith has done

his duty to society in publishing this appalling document, as a fresh and palpable proof of its blasphemous insolence and pride.

We have refrained from speaking of the Pacific Steam Navigation Com

pany, and the general question of shortening the distance which separates us from the Western coast of Spanish America (see Appendix, p. 286-290), not because the subject is unimportant, but because we deem it premature. Considering the value of our trade with the Pacific, which, in spite of the most untoward circumstances, already amounts to upwards of 17 millions of dollars annually, no doubt it is highly important to bring those regions as near to us as possible; and it does seem to be disgraceful, in this locomotive era, that a voyage which might be performed in little more than one month should scarcely be accomplished in four; but still, we repeat it, the consideration of the subject is premature; for neither this nor any other project for the benefit of Spanish America, and the countries connected with it, can have any chance of success, or be prudently adopted, until those restless, reckless republics are compelled to abstain from mutual and wanton hostilities.