20 APPENDIX A. THE NUMERALS. These are very similar to the Urdu. The -teens are denoted by -ārā, the -tys up to 40 by -îh or -1, 40 in composition by -tālī, 50 in composition by -wanjā, 60 in composition by -hat, 70 ditto by -hattar, 80 ditto by -āsī, 90 ditto by -ānawe. 19, 29, 39, etc. are expressed by 20-1, 30-1, 40-1, etc. Singulars are often used as in Urdu, instead of plurals with the cardinal numbers. APPENDIX B. READING LESSON FROM "SIKHKHA DE RAJDĪWITHIA." ਇਹ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਵਿੰਦਸਿੰਘ ਨਿਆਣਪੁਣੇ ਤੇ ਹੀ ਵਡਾ ਚਤੁਰ ਸਾ ਅਰ Th guru Govindsingh nianpune Yih guru Govind Singh bachpan te hi waḍā chatur sā ar se hi bara hoshyār thā aur ਛੋਟੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਛ ਹੀ ਇਸ ਨੈ ਤੀਰਮਦਾਜੀ ਦਾ ਕੱਮ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ chhoti umar wichch hi is nai tīramdājī dā kamm ajiha sikhkhiā ne tīrandāzī kā kām aisa sikhā chhoti 'umr mē hi is ਸਾ ਕਿ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਹਾਣੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਤੀਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਚਲਾ sā ki is de hāniã wichcho koi is tha ki is ke ham-'umro me se koi is de barabar tir nahi chalā ke barabar tir nahi chalā ਸਕਦਾ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਈਆਂ ਗੱਲਾਂ ਤੇ ਮਲੂਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਇਹ ਬਿਨਾ ਹੋਰ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ ਤਾ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕੋਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਸੀ, ਪਰ ਸਬਬ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਚਰਚਾ ਵਾਰਤਾ ਕਰਨੀ ਅਜਿਹੀ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਸੀ ਕਿ sabab is nu charcha-wārtā karni ajihi aundi sabab is ko baḥṣ karni aisī ātī si ki thi ki The Urdu translation and Roman transliteration are given above. It may be noticed that the writer of the book from which this extract is taken is rather too fond of using learned Urdu words. Many such words, however, have now become thoroughly incorporated into the Panjabi language. The above extract is here inserted in order to enable the student to test his knowledge of the Gurmukhi character before proceeding to the Second Part. APPENDIX C. NOTES ON THE LAHINDA DIALECT. This is the dialect in which are written the Extracts from the Janam Sakhi which are given in our Reading Lessons. Although Panjābī, like most other languages, especially those which are comparatively little cultivated, contains many dialectic varieties, yet these may be broadly divided into two main divisions, the Western and the Eastern. The Granthis of Amritsar say that the main characteristics of the Western division are noticeable more particularly west of Lahore and north of the Rāvī. The speech of this part of the Panjab may be regarded as preserving some words and grammatical forms which are older than the equivalent ones used in Hindi, and even in the Eastern Panjābī. In these and other respects it serves to some extent as a connecting link between the Eastern Panjābī and the Sindhi and Gujarātī languages, especially perhaps in the formation of the future tense, in which it shares with Gujarātī the honour of preserving the Sanskrit future in a less corrupted state than any other modern language of India. The use of s as the distinguishing sign of the future, lost by Latin in pre-classical times, retained in Classical but lost in Modern Greek, is still characteristic of Western Panjabi. It shows, moreover, a preference, in most instances, for the use of old and irregular past tenses of verbs, when regular forms of the same words are more common in the more cultivated dialect. On the other hand, however, some forms, as e.g. kahiā, rahiā (from kahinā, rahiǹā) are regular in the dialects of the Western division, while they are irregular (kihā, rihā) in the Eastern. But this too is due to the preference for archaisms which we have mentioned, for kihā and rihā are really contracted forms of the older kahia and rahiā, as is evident from their feminines kahī and rahī. In certain instances we find Braj Bhasha (old Hindi) forms still used in the Lahinda and other dialects of the Western division. The Western dialects show a preference for b where the Eastern have w, as Lahindā baḍa for waḍa, 'large;' bich for wichch, 'in :' also for long vowels (in this resembling the Marathi language), e.g. mānukhkh for manukhkh, nāngā for nangā, nāhī and nẫhi for nahī, dūkh for dukh, etc.: it also inserts a nasal, as bhawẽ for bhāwẽ, paindā for paidā (), mai nu for mai nũ, etc. The following notes will, it is hoped, enable the student to understand the extracts from the Janam Sākhī which we have given, and will also serve as a foundation for a more perfect acquaintance with the peculiarities of Western Panjābī generally. § 1. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. In nouns and adjectives the Lahindā dialect is nearly in agreement with Eastern Panjābī. The Nom. is often used for the Voc., as Bālā for Bāle; and -ã is added in place of -a to the longer form, as Mardania for Mardaniā. In this dialect the nai of the instrumental or agential case is almost universally omitted (as in Dakkhanī), but the nom. is put in the oblique case, e.g. Mardāne kahiā for Mardāne nai kihā; unhã chaḍiã for unhã nai (or unhĩ) chaḍia. But this is not the only postposition commonly omitted, for dā, dī, de, are nearly as frequently understood, as are other similar words also: e.g. Parmesur jī nām Parmesur jī dā nāũ; sudhdh ātme simare sudhdh ātme nāļ simare: nam simaran āiā āiā hai: tan bhasam lagāī = tan pur bhasam lāī: jī āwe ji wichch awe, etc. etc. hai = nāũ simaraǹ laī = = = Feminine nouns in -a or -ai form their plurals in -āī, as balā or balai, misfortune, pl. balāī. Besides the usual forms, some peculiar and old numerals occur: e.g. duhi as well as do, 'two;' trae as well as tinn, 'three;' also |