atory a very light automatic camera, similar in principle to M. Cailletet's apparatus for photographing the ground from a balloon. The use of the kite as an aeroplane can only be alluded to in this book, and it may be sufficient to say that if a motor attached to a kite can, by wings or screws, propel it against the wind, the sustaining string is unnecessary, and we shall have the flying machine which Professor Langley tells us will soon be realized. The surface of our globe has been tolerably well explored; the exploration of the atmosphere by balloons and kites will continue to make great progress during the last year of the century, and at the end of the twentieth century we may confidently expect that as the seas now are a medium for transportation, so the ocean of air will have been brought likewise into man's domain. INDEX Α ABERCROMBY (R.), classification of clouds, 42 Academy of Sciences, Russian, balloon ascent, 72 Accademia del Cimento, 14 Actinometer, Viollé's, 115 Adiabatic rate of change of temperature, 29 Committee; International, 108 Aérophile balloons, 102, 104 Aerostatic Commission, French, III Air, collection and analysis of, 70, 73, 75, 82, 112 weight of, 16 Aitken (J.), dust particles, 39 Alhazen (B. A.), height of atmosphere, 12 Altitudes, comparative, 20 Andrée (S. A.), balloon voyage to North Pole, go Anti-cyclones, 59, 170 Aratus, Diosemeia, II Archibald (D.), kites for meteorological observations, 122 Archytas, supposed inventor of kite, 117 Aristotle, 10, 11, 15 Assmann (R.), 86, 94, 108 Atmosphere, composition of, 24 methods of exploring same, 35 et seq., 145 origin of, 23 phenomena showing height of, 26 Pliny on, 9 temperature of, 28 Atmospheric circulation in cyclones and anti-cyclones, 60 electricity, 70, 76, 121, 141 B Balloon ascents, international, 108 et seq. crossing the Atlantic by, 92 invention of hot-air, 19 kite, 94 Balloons, 19, 20, 21, 37, 68, et seq. captive, 76, 93, 146 changes of temperature observed in, 71, 73, 75, 77, 84, 88, 90 changing the direction of, 93 Ballons-sondes, 98 et seq. Barometer, 15, 16, 85, 113 Baro-thermograph of Richard, 102 Barral, balloon ascent, 73, 84 Batavia, Java, international cloud measurements, 65 Batut (A.), photography from kites, 123 Berson (A.), balloon ascents, 81, 87 et seq. Bert (P.), respiration of oxygen, 82 Besançon (G.), 98, 99, 101, 104 Birt (W. R.), kite at Kew Observatory, 122 Blanc, Mont, 20, 21 Blanchard, balloon ascent with Jeffries, 70, 71 Blue Hill Observatory, 47, 51, 53, 64, 108, 126 et seq. Bonvallet (L.), exploring balloons, 99 Bouguer (P.), height of freezing-point, 18 Cailletet (L.), 112, 113 C Cambridge, Mass., clouds measured at, 53 Cavallo (T.), showed lightness of hydrogen, 69 Celsius (A.), thermometer, 14 Charles (J. A. C.), ascent in hydrogen balloon, 19, 68 Cirrus balloon, 106 Clayton (H. H.), 45, 47, 53, 62, 133, 147, 167 Cloud, amount of, 47 et seq. atlases, 42, 43, 44 Committee, International, 44, 65 -year, international, 65 Clouds, classification of, 41 et seq. definitions of, 45 formation of, 39 observations of direction and relative velocity, 51, 65 on Jupiter, 51 relation to forecasting, 63-4 Cotte (T.), on clouds, 38 Coxwell (H.), aeronaut for Glaisher, 75 et seq. M D Dalton (J.), water-vapour in the air, 38 Daniell (J. F.), mountains a registering thermometer, 13 De Saussure (H. B.), 20, 42, 73 (H. B.), ascent of Mont Blanc, 20 Deutsche-Seewarte, Hamburg, 43 Donaldson (W. H.), proposed crossing Atlantic in a E Eddy (W. A.), 123, 124 et seq. Eiffel Tower, Paris, 23, 152 Ekholm (N.), 53, 92 Electricity, atmospheric, 70, 76, 121, 141 Espy (J. P.), kites to verify calculated height of clouds, 121 Etna, ascended by ancients, 12 Euler (L.), theory of kites, 118 Exploring the atmosphere, methods of, 35 et seq., 145-6 F Fahrenheit (D. G.), thermometer, 14 Ferdinand II. (Grand Duke), distributed meteorological instruments, 17 Fergusson (S. P.), 35, 53, 126, 128, 131, 136 Ferrel (W.), theory of cyclones, 173 Flammarion (C.), balloon ascents, 81 Flying machines, future, 59, 174 Fonvielle (W. de), 81, 108 Förster (W.), hypothesis of Himmelsluft, 28 Forecasting by kites, 143, 147 |