Ruao. Gummigutt. Vismia brasiliensis Chois Guttiferae, Ber. d. Ph. G., 1897, p. 235. } Ruaö assú. Grosse G. Vismia Martiana Reich. Ruivinha. Kleine Färberröthe, Belbunium noxicum, 】 Schuh. Belbunium hirtum Schum., heisst auch Caangai. Vide auch Bacupari miudo (Coccocypsdum.) Ruivinha do campo. Steppen F. Belbunium hirtum var. camporum Schum. Ruivinha da serra. Gebirgs F. Belbunium hypo carpum Hemsl var. indecorum Schum. Rubiaceae. Rubiaceae. Rutin. Rotang. Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. Palmae. Ph. Rdsch. 1888, p. 265. Sabina. Erythroxylum microphyllum St. Hil. Erythroxylaceae. Sabonia. Cestrum. Solanaceae. Sabonete cipo. Gouania. Rhamanceae. Sabueira. Vide Fava do mato. Sabugueira do mato. Wilder Flieder. Aegiphila fluminensis Vellos. Verbenaceae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1905. Sabugueira da terra. Einheimischer Flieder. Vide Acapora. Saca estrepe 1 Rolandra argentea Rotth. Com positae. Saca estrepe de campina ) maceae. Sacarolha. Korkzieher. Ixora corylifolia Wigh. Rubiaceae. Sacarolha legitima. Aechter Korkzieher. Helicteres sacarolha St. Hil. Sterculiaceae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1900, p. 58. Sacha-vay. Gustavia longiflora Popp. Lecythidaceae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1902, p. 229. Sagaô, Sayao. Kalanchae brasiliensis Canb. Crassulaceae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1901, p. 203. Saccubare. Cyrthopodium sacubare Barb. Rodgr. Orchidaceae. Sacú-úva. Plumeria phagadaenica Mart. Apocynaceae. Salgueira. Weide. Salix martiana Leyb. Salicaceae. Salgueira falsa. Falsche Weide. Tournefortia Martii Fresc. He lioriopaceae. Salgueira de mato. Wilde W. Belangera tomentosa Camb. Cu Sagueira. Sagopalme. Cycas revoluta L. Cycadaceae. Sagueira da terra. Einheimische Sagopalme. Zamia Brogniartii Wedd. Cycadaceae. Salsa brava. Wilde Salsa. Mikama apiifolia Dl. Compositae. (in Rio de Janeiro) Herreria salsaparilha Mart. Smilaceae. Polygonaceae. Salsa de capim. Gras Salsa. Smilax campestris Grieseb. Smilaceae. Salsa do mato. Wilde S. Rajania verticillata Vellos. Dioscoriaceae. Salsa da praia. Küsten S. Ipomoea acetosaefolia Röm. et Schuck Convolvulaceae. Salsaparilha. Smilax papyracea Poir. Smilaceae. Salva. (in Mina) S. officinalis Kth. Smilaceae. (in Rio de Janeiro) S. procera M. Smilaceae. legitima. Aechte. S. syphilitica H. et B. Smilaceae. de mato. S. nitida, Grieseb. Smilaceae. Salbei. Salvia coccinea L. Labiatae. Salva encarnado. Rothe Salbei. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1904, p. 382. Salva de Pará. Cunila incana Bth. Labiatae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1904, p. 380. Salva de Pernambuco. Eupatorium asperulaceum Bth. Compositae. Salva brava. Wilde S. Lippia gemiata H. B. Kth. Verbenaceae. Ber. d. Ph. G., 1905. Salva cheirosa. Wohlriechende S. Vide Salva de Parà. Salva do mato. Salvia macrocalyx Gard. Labiatae, Ber. d. Ph. G., 1904, p. 381, 382. Phytochemical Notes. From the Laboratory of Edward Kremers. 60. Oil of Erigeron Canadense. By Frank Rabak. This oil is known to contain limonene; a terpineol has also been isolated and identified.* However, doubts have been expressed as to whether the latter is a natural constituent of the oil or whether it is a product of decomposition due to repeated fractionation. Whereas the oil consists largely of limonene, the other constituents have puzzled more than one chemist in the attempt to learn something about them. Every bit of positive information may, therefore, be of use in the further investigation of the oil. During the summer of 1904, one of us (F. R.) distilled several aromatic herbs growing wild in South Dakota. Among them was one known commonly as fireweed and identified by Dr. R. H. Dennistou, Instructor in Pharmacognosy at the University of Wisconsin, as Erigeron canadensis L. The fields in which this weed grows are cleaned by fire in fall, hence in all probability the popular appellation "fireweed." With the aid of a small still 50 g. of oil were obtained from the fresh herb, representing a yield of 0.66 p. c. The oil was of a light yellow color, and possessed a peculiar odor somewhat suggestive of caraway. A few hours after the distillation, a crystalline deposit was observed around the mouth of the condenser, also around the mouth of the separating funnel employed to separate the oil from the aqueous distillate. Upon exposing a small quantity of oil to the air in a small crystallizing dish like crystals were formed which were recrystallized from alcohol. A larger amount of herb was collected, dried and shipped to Madison where some weeks later it was distilled. The yield of oil was about 50 c. c. or 0.26 p. c., or a little more than one-third of * For a characterization of the oil and references to the original literature, see G.-H.-K., The volatile oils, p. 669. that of the fresh herb. This oil was darker, being light brown in color, and possessed a strongly aromatic odor much the same as that obtained from the fresh herb. Like the oil from the fresh herb, a small amount upon standing yielded crystals, but these were much less pure and hence unstable. A comparative examination of both oils was made so far as the very limited amounts permitted. For better comparison the results are recorded in the following table: The above data show of how little value the specific gravity determination may be in judging this oil. The change in angle of rotation would seem to indicate that the increase is due to the decomposition of some of the non-limonene constituents of the oil, hence a relatively larger amount of limonene in the oil from the dried weed. The corresponding diminution of the ester number substantiates this surmise. Although the terpineol, m. p. 35°, which was isolated from erigeron oil by Hunkel, yields 80 p. c. or more of acetate upon acetylization, it will be seen from the above table that the acetylization experiment indicates no alcohol present in the oil from fresh herb while the oil from dry herb is seen to possess a saponification number considerably higher after acetylization. The saponification number 86 would indicate by calculation 10.9% of free alcohol (calculated as terpineol). While this apparently confirms the suspicion that the terpineol found is a decomposition product, yet the original substance may be alcoholic in nature, but possibly dehydrated rather than acetylized during the experiment. The aldehyde assay according to a modification of S. S. Sadtler's method was undertaken because the oil reduced ammoniacal silver nitrate solution and also gave the fuchsine test for aldehydes. In as much as nothing is known at present about the nature of the aldehyde or substance apparently behaving like it, the results were cal culated as citronellal (C10H180). As will be observed the percentage of aldehyde is very low but serves, however, to confirm the qualitative tests for aldehydes. 61. Oils of Wintergreen and Birch. By E. F. Ziegelmann. Having occasion to distill both oils for the sake of comparing specimens of unquestioned authenticity with the standards of the new Pharmacopoeia, one of the standard authorities was consulted for their preparation. In as much as both oils are socalled ferment oils, i. e. oils which do not preexist in the plant but occur in the form of a non odorous glucoside which must be hydrolized by a ferment before the distillation is begun, the question as to the most favorable conditions is an important one. G.-H.-K. state with reference to the preparation of wintergreen oil as conducted in a "primitive" manner by small farmers, that "the still . . . . is filled with finely chopped, well wetted plants. The charge is allowed to stand over night and firing begun in the morning." With reference to sweet birch oil, the same authority adds to the description of the distillation as related by Kennedy, yielding 0.23 p. c. of oil, the following sentence: "Upon rational distillation, however, as much as 0.6 p. c. of oil can be obtained from the bark.” The question naturally arose, what constitutes a rational distillation that yields the maximum amount of oil. In order to ascertain this a number of preliminary experiments were made with both sweet birch bark and wintergreen leaves. Ten grams of material, the birch bark being ground coarsely, were distilled, after previous maceration, until 1000 c. c. of distillate were obtained and the amount of methyl salicylate determined The original method is described in the Journal of the Franklin Institute; the modification was devised by S. P. Sadtler for the new edition of the U. S. P. The volatile oils, p. 588. Ibidem, p. 332. |