that the root of Veronica Virginiana, vulgarly known as Herbe à quatre feuilles (four-leaved grass), used as a decoction for a month, is effective for the cure of veneral Diseases. Four or five of the roots are boiled. As this beverage is purgative the strength of this Ptisan must be increased or reduced by putting more or less according to the effect it has on one. It is sufficient for the first days that the bowels be relaxed and looser than usual; it is not unusual that the bowels be moved 3 or 4 times the first day" (p. 79). On February 6th, 1796, he left Louisville (p. 89) for Nashville, where he arrived on the 15th (p. 93). From the records of this part of his journey the following paragraphs are quoted: "Wednesday 10th of February 1796, I had supped the previous evening on Tea made from the shrub called Spice-wood. A handful of young twigs or branches is set to boil and after it has boiled at least a quarter of an hour sugar is added and it is drunk like real Tea. There was no Milk at the time and I was told that Milk makes it much more agreeable to the taste. This beverage restores strength and it had that effect for I was very tired when I arrived. This shrub is Laurus Benjoin Linn. The Illinois French call it Poivrier and the hunters season their meat with some pieces of its wood" (p. 91). While the plant names catalogued by Michaux include many of pharmaceutical interest he records no other observations on their medicinal properties than those here quoted. Incidentally two other plants may be mentioned: an orchid, called Adam and Eve, with "very viscous bulls" which is used to mend broken crockery" (p. 92); and a "Sophora", the wood of which he thought valuable as a dye. Roots of this species he took along to his botanical "garden in Carolina" (p. 95). # A study of the records of this garden (pp. 12–123) near Charleston should prove of interest pharmaceutically. Not only was Michaux interested in agriculture and forestry, but it is said of him (p. 12) that he taught the mountaineers of the Carolinas the utility of ginseng. (See also p. 124, note 3; further his son's account of ginseng, pp. 158, 202, 231 and 264, which will be given in the next note). * Identified by Sargent as Cladrastis tinctoria. Twenty-five Years of Association Activity in Wisconsin. INTRODUCTION. The history of pharmacy in Wisconsin in as far as it is associated with drug stores does not begin until the present state was divorced from her present sister states and reared into an independent territory. Even in territorial days, drug stores were few and far between. The remedies used by the white inhabitants were undoubtedly chiefly of the household kind or such as a traveling physician could carry in his saddle bags! In most instances, no doubt, the mothers not only collected the necessary drugs, but also prepared the household remedies and administered them. Saddle Bags used by Dr. A. Belknap of Whitewater in his medical practice in Occasionally, however, one of the male members of an immigrant family, having been supplied with a medicine chest by the former family physician and having been advised as to the proper use of the drugs and medicines it contained, not only acted as family physician in the new home, but soon became the medical adviser of the neighborhood. It is not at all surprising that such a person later became the first druggist of his community. While Green Bay, the oldest city in Wisconsin, boasts of having had the first drug store; Milwaukee soon outgrew the older settlement. The first drug store in Milwaukee was opened by L. J. Higby on East Water street in 1836. From the advertisements of the early druggists we learn that aloes, epsom salts, senna and castor oil played an important role in those days. That the conditions did not change very materially when Wisconsin became a state we know from the reminiscenses of Mr. John A. Dadd, who came to Milwaukee in July 1850. He had been trained as chemist and druggist in London, and found conditions rather primitive. The stock consisted of "tar, treacle (molasses) and testaments," i. e., it was very miscellaneous, and the drug clerk had to act as porter, errand boy and prescription clerk, while at night he slept among the barrels of sugar, chests of tea, or boxes of drugs. Having measured molasses or counted candles, he would be called upon to put up a prescription. The London apprentice was not a little surprised to see quinine "dumped into a bottle, a little dilute or aromatic sulphuric acid added, shaken up, other ingredients added without measurement, corked, labeled and turned out in a rough and ready fashion." Fortunately for himself and Wisconsin pharmacy, the newcomer from London stuck to his early training to do these things secundum artem. New to him were the aromatic syrups of rhubarb; the hot drops, a preparation of capsicum and myrrh; also another Thompsonian remedy called composition, a compound of bay berry, capsicum, ginger, and myrrh; and the Shaker herbs and roots. Calomel is reported to have been taken in doses of 10, 15 and sometimes 30 grains. The first exclusive retail store is reported to have been opened by I. N. Morton about 1858 or 1860. About this time also a considerable number of German apothecaries came to Milwaukee with the strong German movement to this state which began in 1848. In the Milwaukee City Directory, for 1865, e. g.. we find the names of twenty-one retail and six wholesale drug firms. Of the retail druggists, thirteen bear German names. Milwaukee at that time had not far from 75,000 inhabitants. As we have already seen the methods of the English "chemist and druggist" compared favorably with the "rough and ready" practices of the pioneer druggist. To the German apothecaries, however, with their strict training and their ideas of government control of the professions dealing with the life and physical welfare of man, the first attempt to improve the status of pharmacy by united effort is due. Of the forty druggists in Milwaukee in 1875, thirty were Germans or German Americans, a fair number of whom had received more or less complete pharmaceutical training and education in the fatherland. In September of that year, ten of them met and organized the Milwaukee Pharmaceutical Society, the object of which was to raise in every way possible the calling represented. The members were to be careful in the selection of their apprentices, the latter were to be systematically trained. Even a kind of pharmaceutical college was to be established. The requirements for admission to membership in the Facsimile of an advertisement in the Milwaukie Commercial Herald. DEUTSHER SPECEREY LADEN. ER Unterzeignite macht hiemit bekan. Ferner feine Fruchte als: suesse and bittere Gestuctzt aufeine hinreichende Auswahl in McCormick's building, East Water-street Milwaukie Nov. 1, 1842. DRUGS, 7 GOOD assortment for sale by Smith & society, however, were such as to cause offense and a counter movement was started. A petition was sent to the Common Council requesting that an ordinance be passed regulating the practice of pharmacy in the city of Milwaukee. This resulted in the passage by the legislature in March, 1876, of the first law regulating the practice of pharmacy. It should be stated, however, that, when the draft of the bill to be submitted to the legislature came up for discussion, practically all |