architect of the new Houses of Parliament. The cost which, including the purchase of the site, amounted to 71,000l., was defrayed by the sale of land to railway companies.

Bedford School.

The Bedford Grammar School was founded in 1556, by Sir William Harpur, a native of Bedford, who in 1561 was Lord Mayor of London. For this foundation, and for portioning poor maidens-the balance, if any, to be given to the poor-Sir William left a plot of ground in London, the value of which has so much increased, that the income arising from it now is 14,000l. a year. This income is divided between the grammar school, English, National, and Commercial schools, alms-houses, apprentice fees, marriage portions, and gifts to the poor. The endowment is managed by the Lord Lieutenant of the county, the county members, the borough member, the corporation, and other trustees. There are about 75 of the town boys educated free on the foundation, at the grammar school; and about the same number, who pay, board with the head-master. This school has eight exhibitions of 801. a year each at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin.

Shrewsbury School.

This grammar school was founded by Edward VI., and greatly enlarged by Elizabeth. The government of the school is vested in the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and thirteen trustees, one of whom is the Mayor for the time being. Its income arising from the endowment is 2,500l. a year, besides which it has several exhibitions at both Universities. Its reputation was greatly increased by the learning and attainments of its head-master, Doctor Butler, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Sir Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville, afterwards Lord Brooke, the poet, were educated at Shrewsbury School.

APPENDIX XX.

JOSEPH LANCASTER.

He was through From an early age The nature of his

JOSEPH LANCASTER was born in London, in 1771. life a consistent member of the Society of Friends. he devoted himself to the education of the poor. schools and the plan on which they were conducted are described in the text. His work on the 'Amelioration of Education' attracted

1 See p. 395.
Y Y

much notice, and gained him the favour of the Duke of Bedford, and subsequently of George III. His other works were, A Letter to John Forster, on the best means of Educating and Employing the Poor of Ireland; ''Appeal to Justice in behalf of some Poor Children; ''Outlines of a Plan for the Education of Children; ''Account of his Plan for the Education of Children;' and a 'Report on the Progress of his Plan from 1793 to 1812.'

Mr. Lancaster, after establishing several schools throughout England, and having sent out a number of trained teachers of both sexes to conduct them, opened a large school on his own account at Tooting, which financially turned out a failure. On this he resolved to leave England; and he embarked for America in 1818. Here he extended his system. In 1829 he went to Canada, and established some schools there. He died in New York, in rather reduced circumstances, on the 24th October, 1834. Several of his schools still exist.

APPENDIX XXI.

ANDREW BELL, D.D.

ANDREW BELL was born at St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, in 1753. He was ordained a clergyman of the Church of England, and, after spending a few years in America, he went out to Madras as a chaplain of the East India Company. His system of popular education and his works are described in the text. Like Joseph Lancaster, he rendered good service in extending education among the poorer classes. During his residence in the East Indies he acquired property to a large amount. He returned to England in 1798, and was appointed Rector of Swanage, in Dorsetshire; and was subsequently presented by the Bishop of Durham to the mastership of Sherburn Hospital. He died at Cheltenham, in 1832, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. Dr. Bell bequeathed 120,000l. to public charities and institutions.

APPENDIX XXII.

SAND WRITING IN INDIA.

THE education of youth in India is described by Fra Paolino Da San Bartolomeo as being much simpler and not nearly so expensive as in Europe. The children assemble half naked under the shade of a cocoa

nut tree, place themselves in rows on the ground, and trace out on the sand with the forefinger of the right hand the elements of their alphabet, and then smooth it with the left when they wish to trace out other characters. The writing-master, called Agian or Elutticien, who stations himself opposite to his pupils, examines what they have done; points out their faults, and shows them how to correct them. This method of writing, according to the testimony of Megasthenes, was introduced into India two hundred years before the birth of Christ, and still continues to be practised. 'A Voyage to the East Indies, by Fra Paolino Da San Bartolomeo.' London: 1800. 8vo. p. 261.

APPENDIX XXIII.

GEORGE BIRKBECK, M.D.

GEORGE BIRKBECK was born in Yorkshire, in 1776. He gave early indications of a taste for scientific pursuits. Having obtained his diploma as M.D., he was appointed immediately to the chair of Natural Philosophy at the Anderson College, Glasgow. Here, in 1804, he delivered a gratuitous course of lectures on natural philosophy and its adaptation to the arts, for the use of mechanics. His audiences were very numerous. In 1821 he extended his system to Edinburgh; and in 1824, assisted by Cobbett, Wilkie, Bentham, and other leading men, he founded the Mechanics' Institute in London. This opportunity of self-improvement was most gladly availed of by the class for whose benefit it was intended. No less than 1,300 workmen immediately became members, paying one pound each; and these were followed by others. Mechanics' Institutes on the same plan were subsequently established in several of our large cities in Great Britain and Ireland. The main object of such institutions is to afford working men, at a cheap rate, a good reading library and the advantage of hearing lectures, in a simple popular style, on natural philosophy, chemistry, and mathematics. In these lectures are clearly explained the principles of science as applicable in practice to the several trades and handicrafts; so that a workman may understand the reasons for each operation that passes through his hands, and have a more certain rule to follow than mere imitation. Doctor Birkbeck was appointed Director of the London Mechanics' Institute of which he was the founder, and to which he contributed a sum of 3,700l. He held this post until his death, which took place on December 1, 1841.

APPENDIX XXIV.

SOURCE OF LOCAL RATE, AND THE RATING AUTHORITY IN EACH CASE, FOR The purposes of SCHOOL BOARDS, as in the First Schedule of the Elementary Education Act, 1870, England and Wales.

APPENDIX XXV. '

BYE-LAWS OF THE LIVERPOOL SCHOOL BOARD AS TO COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE, AND REMISSION OR PAYMENT OF SCHOOL FEES BY THE BOARD, bearing date Liverpool, June 14, 1871, and approved by the Education Department June 26, 1871.

Requiring Parents to cause Children to attend School.

2. Subject to the provisions of the Elementary Education Act, 1870, and of the bye-laws, the parent of every child not less than five years of age, nor more than 13 years of age, residing within the district of the said borough, shall cause such child to attend school within the said borough. Determining Time during which Children shall attend School. See Sec. 7 (Sub-sec. 2).

3. The time during which every child shall attend school shall be the whole time for which the school shall be open for the instruction of children of similar age, provided that nothing herein contained shall prevent the withdrawal by the parent of any child during the time or times in which any religious observance is practised, or instruction in religious subjects is given, and that no child shall be required—

(a) To attend school on any day exclusively set apart for religious observance by the religious body to which his or her parent belongs. (b) To attend school on Sunday, Christmas Day, Good Friday, or any day set apart for a day of public fast or thanksgiving, or on Saturday after twelve o'clock at noon.

Sec. 76.

(c) To attend school on any day fixed for the inspection of the school, and the examination of the scholars therein, in respect of religious subjects, if the child has been withdrawn by his or her parent from any religious observance or instruction in religious subjects in such school.

Provided also that any requirement herein contained shall not be held or construed to apply to any child employed in labour, and receiving instruction in conformity with the provisions of the Factory Acts, or of the Workshop Regulation Act, 1867.

Providing for Remission or Payment of School Fees in case of Poverty.

6. If the parent of any child satisfies the school-board that the reason that his or her child does not attend school, is that he or she is unable, from poverty, to pay the school fees of such child, the school-board, in the case of a school provided by the board, will remit, and in the case of any other