APPENDICES. 1. Notes on the Eskimo (p. 42), by John Rae, M.D., F.R.S. 2. Pontiac's Conspiracy (p. 45). 3. Habitat of Sioux (p. 48). 4. New England and Public Education (p. 85). 5. The Acadia of Longfellow (p. 120). 6. Seigneurial Tenure in Canada (p. 148). 7. Sir P. W. Wallis, G.C.B. (p. 162). 8. The British North America Act, 1867 (p. 213), including(a) Quebec Act, 1774. (b) The Canadian Constitution of 1791. 9. The North-West Territories (p. 235). 10. The Selkirk Colony. A South-African parallel (p. 240). 11. The Dease and Simpson Route (p. 242). 12. Navigation on the Mackenzie River (p. 248). 13. The San Juan Award (p. 253). 14. The Codrington Trust (p. 271). 15. Chronological List of the most important Expeditions in search of a North-West Passage from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. Reference-The Circumpolar Map. APPENDIX I. NOTES ON THE ESKIMO. BY J. RAE, M.D., F.R.S. 'FROM the information I received through an admirable interpreter from the Eskimos of Repulse Bay, and from those at the Coppermine River further to the west, and from the similarity of these curious people to the Mongol race both in feature and form, I consider their original home to be the shores of Siberia, where the remains of their "yourts" or half-underground houses, built up of stones, bones of large marine animals, and possibly drift-wood, are abundantly found on projecting points of land or other places well fitted for getting at the seal, walrus and whale, which form their chief food. The houses or huts at present used by the Arctic Highlanders in the neighbourhood of Smith's Sound on the Greenland coast, and also by the East Greenlanders, resemble the ruins above referred to on the Siberian coast, not far from Behring Strait, and continuing a very considerable distance to the west. I believe that the Eskimo migrated from Siberia, forced possibly by some pressure from enemies. They crossed Behring Strait, as they have a tradition of having crossed water in coming from the setting sun eastward. On reaching the American continent they built their houses of drift-wood, of which there is an abundance drifted down the Mackenzie and one or two other rivers. From Behring Strait eastward to the Mackenzie these wooden houses are in general use; but on getting some distance east of the Mackenzie the supply of wood fails, as do the whales and walrus, and consequently the large supply of oil requisite for warming an underground hut. The Eskimo then build their winter-houses of snow, which are warmer than the Siberian "yourt." They also discontinue the use of the oo-miak or large woman's boat, no doubt because it is not now required, as the chief food, deer and musk-cattle, are now got on the land, and the salmon, of which there are large quantities, are speared at the mouths of rivers. This kind of life, with the snow-hut as a winter dwelling and with reindeer, musk-cattle, salmon and seals (the last killed in the spring prior to the break-up of the ice without the use of the small canoe or kayak) as their food, extends eastward for several thousand miles of coast-line until Greenland is reached. Here the Eskimo again resume the half-underground winter hut and the oo-miak or woman's canoe, so as to readily transport the oil and meat of the large marine animals, as the whale and walrus. When the Eskimo crossed Behring Strait they no doubt ascended the Yukon and some others of the larger rivers of Alaska, if permitted in each case by their enemies, the North American Indians. They may have fixed their home there for a time, making for themselves bark canoes instead of skin ones. They did ascend the Mackenzie, but were driven back by their more numerous enemies the Indian tribes.' (Those named by Mackenzie between Slave Lake and the sea were Beaver, Strongbow, Mountain and Hare Indians. The Quarrellers occupied the mouth of the river.) 'In the Great Fish River the Eskimo were found by Sir George Back far inland, simply because the Indians did not drive them back. In 1771 Hearne alludes to a terrible massacre of the Eskimo by Indians on the Coppermine River at a place called "The Bloody Fall," a famous fishing station; on which occasion one poor girl was stabbed to death whilst clinging to the knees of Hearne himself. On the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers a tribe called the Loucheux or Quarrellers are the next-door neighbours and hereditary foes of the Eskimo. "These Loucheux are a fine and handsome race, and possess certain peculiarities. For instance, the male children have their feet compressed after the fashion of the Chinese highclass women, but not to such an extent as to prevent their walking with ease. The men wear immense "cues," so heavy in some cases with grease and various other additions that the wearers acquire a habit of carrying the head bent forward so as to carry the weight more easily. Their chief wealth is beads, with which the men's coats of skins are profusely decorated. They also carry about with them a dress suit, which they don sometimes in their own tents, but always when they visit a Hudson's Bay Company Fort, at the open door of which, even in mid-winter, they make a long oration before entering. These Loucheux have always been friendly with the Hudson's Bay Company people, but they have always been fighting with the Eskimo, and sometimes amongst themselves. The Hudson's Bay Company have at least influenced them to keep the peace with their neighbours. 'To return to the Eskimo. I should mention that ethnologists have found that the form of the heads of Eskimo living near Behring Strait differs very much from that of those living further east and in Greenland, these latter being much longer. My own impression is that the Eskimo near Behring Strait are of mixed blood, their heads more closely resembling the Indian type. Curiously, an Eskimo brought from Hudson Bay or Labrador can make himself well understood when speaking to an Eskimo of the Mackenzie River or even further west. I do not believe that the Eskimo ever went so far south as the Aleutian Islands, which are in latitude 53° N. and 54° N.' APPENDIX II. PONTIAC'S CONSPIRACY, 1763. PONTIAC, originally a Catawba prisoner, and adopted into the clan of the Ottawas, was styled 'the king and lord of all the NorthWest,' and headed a great confederacy of Indian tribes, including Senecas, Shawnees, Miamis, Wyandots, and all then living in the country from the Niagara and the Alleghanies to the Mississippi and Lake Superior. The object of the conspiracy was to drive the English out of the country, the savages declaring that as the French must go no other nation should rule. After a few months of cruel warfare the conspiracy came to an end, mainly through the instrumentality of the French officers, who exhorted the savages 'to bury the hatchet and take the English by the hand, for a representative of the king of France would be seen amongst them no more.'-Bancroft's Hist. of the United States. APPENDIX III. HABITAT OF SIOUX. 'THE Sioux were specially located south of the boundary line (Lat. 49°), and did not extend north to the Saskatchewan until driven out of the States very recently.'-John Rae, M.D., F.R.S. APPENDIX IV. NEW ENGLAND AND PUBLIC EDUCATION. 'NEW ENGLAND, the poorest of all the colonies, stood far ahead of all colonies, either north or south, in education; for the settlement of the Puritans had been followed at once by the establishment of a system of local schools. Every Township, it was enacted, after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders, shall appoint one to teach all children to read and write: and when any Town shall increase to the number of a hundred families they shall set up a Grammar School. The result was that in the middle of the eighteenth century New England was the one part of the world where every man and woman was able to read and write.'-Labberton's General History, p. 170. APPENDIX V. THE ACADIA OF LONGFELLOW. 'THE reader of Evangeline views with delight the fruitful valleys that continue to yield abundant harvests and rich pasturage, and whose productive apple-orchards gladden the eye as in days of yore. The undoubted beauty of Longfellow's poem is unfortunately marred by the false impressions it conveys in one important respect. Had the author traced to its |