Theory of EthicsLongmans, 1873 - 465 страници |
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à priori absolutely according adopted apodictic assume attain autonomy belonging called capacity categorical imperative causality cause command conceive conception condition conformity connexion consciousness consequently contradiction contrary desire determining principle disposition duty effect empirical existence experience faculty feeling former give happiness Hence heteronomy holiness human nature hypothetical imperative inclination intelligible world interest judgment kingdom of ends knowledge lative latter laws of nature legislation maxims means merely metaphysic of morals mind moral law moral worth motives namely necessarily necessary necessity never notion noumenon objective laws objective principle one's ourselves perfect duty perfection philosophy physical possible postulate practical law practical principle precept principle of morality priori propensity to evil proposition pure practical reason pure reason purpose rational regard requires respect satisfaction self-love sensible world speculative reason summum bonum supposed synthetic proposition theoretical thing tion uncon unconditional universal law virtue volition world of sense
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Страница 13 - Even if it should happen that, owing to special disfavour of fortune, or the niggardly provision of a step-motherly nature, this will should wholly lack power to accomplish its purpose, if with its greatest efforts it should yet achieve nothing, and there should remain only the good will (not, to be sure, a mere wish, but the summoning of all means in our power), then, like a jewel, it would still shine by its own light, as a thing which has its whole value in itself.
Страница 19 - To be beneficent when we can is a duty; and besides this, there are many minds so sympathetically constituted that, without any other motive of vanity or self-interest, they find a pleasure in spreading joy around them, and can take delight in the satisfaction of others so far as it is their own work.
Страница 21 - It is in this manner, undoubtedly, that we are to understand those passages of Scripture also in which we are commanded to love our neighbour, even our enemy. For love, as an affection, cannot be commanded, but beneficence for duty's sake may; even though we are not impelled to it by any inclination — nay, are even repelled by a natural and unconquerable aversion.
Страница 50 - Now it is impossible that the most clear-sighted and at the same time most powerful being (supposed finite) should frame to himself a definite conception of what he really wills in this. Does he will riches, how much anxiety, envy, and snares might he not thereby draw upon his shoulders? Does he will knowledge and discernment, perhaps it might prove to be only an eye so much the sharper to show him so much the more fearfully the evils that are now concealed from him, and that cannot be avoided, or...
Страница 206 - Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them : the starry heavens above and the moral law within.
Страница 65 - I say: man and generally any rational being exists as an end in himself, not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will, but in all his actions, whether they concern himself or other rational beings, must be always regarded at the same time as an end.
Страница 55 - Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Now if all imperatives of duty can be deduced from this one imperative as from their principle, then...
Страница 15 - ... misology, that is, hatred of reason, especially in the case of those who are most experienced in the use of it, because after calculating all the advantages they derive, I do not say from the invention of all the arts of common luxury, but even from the sciences (which seem to them to be after all only a luxury of the understanding), they find that they have, in fact, only brought more trouble on their shoulders, rather than gained in happiness; and they end by envying, rather than despising,...
Страница 149 - Preface, p. 115.] and thoroughly a strict and inflexible command of reason, which yet is not ideal but real, is only hindered. For a rational but finite being, the only thing possible is an endless progress from the lower to higher degrees of moral perfection. The Infinite Being to whom the condition of time is nothing, sees in this to us endless succession a whole of accordance with the moral law; and the holiness which His command inexorably requires, in order to be true to His justice in the share...
Страница 11 - NOTHING can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification, except a Good Will.