POSTSCRIPT TO THE THIRD EDITION.

SINCE the foregoing observations were written, Dr. Gall has been numbered with the dead. Like many other benefactors of mankind, he has died without his merits being acknowledged, or his discoveries rewarded, by the "great in literature and science" of his own age; but he possessed the consciousness of having presented to the world one of the most valuable discoveries that ever graced the annals of philosophy, and enjoyed the delight of having opened up to mankind a career of improvement, physical, moral, and intellectual, to which the boldest imagination can at present prescribe no limits. This appears to be the reward which Providence assigns to men eminently gifted with intellectual superiority; and we may presume that it is wisely suited to their nature. A great duty remains for posterity to perform to the memory of Dr. Gall, and I cannot entertain a doubt that in due time it will be amply discharged.

It gives me the greatest satisfaction to renew, after five years' additional experience, the acknowledgment of my highest gratitude and esteem for Dr. Spurzheim; and to express my earnest wish that Britain may, by suitable encouragement, retain him permanently to herself.

EDINBURGH, October, 1830.

POSTSCRIPT TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

The

Ir is painful in no ordinary degree now to speak of Dr. Spurzheim in the past tense; but, since the third edition of this work was printed, he too has been numbered with the dead. He died at Boston, U. S., on the 10th of November, 1832, while zealously engaged in communicating the invaluable truths of Phrenology to a people in every respect worthy of the doctrine, and of the man who came among them to teach it. citizens of Boston, and of the United States generally, justly appreciated the talents and moral worth of this most excellent philosopher. They honoured him while alive, gave him a public funeral, and erected a beautifully appropriate monument to his memory in Auburn Cemetery. In expressing my heartfelt sorrow for his loss, I render a sincere tribute of respect and gratitude to them for the kindness with which they received him, and the honour with which they enshrined his mortal remains.

EDINBURGH, 31st October, 1836.

APPENDIX.

No. I.

Text, page 33.

The Brain the Organ of the Mind.

A VERY striking argument in favour of the doctrine that the brain is the organ of the mind, is found in the numerous cases in which changes of character have been produced by injuries inflicted on the head. In this way the action of the brain is sometimes so much altered, that high talents are subsequently displayed where mediocrity, or even extreme dulness, existed before; in other instances the temper from being mild and amiable becomes irritable and contentious; while in others, again, it occasionally happens, in consequence of the effect of the injury being to depress instead of exalt the tone of the brain, that talents formerly enjoyed are obscured or lost. Dr. Gall refers to a case reported by Hildanus, of a boy ten years old, a portion of whose skull was accidentally driven in; nothing was done to remedy the injury, and the boy, who had previously given promise of excellent parts, became altogether stupid, and in that condition died at the age of forty. He adds a similar case of a lad whose intellectual vivacity was destroyed by cerebral disease accompanied with fever.*-The aeronaut Blanchard had the misfortune to fall upon his head, and thenceforward his mental powers were evidently feeble; after death Dr. Gall found his brain diseased.f-A lady of distinguished talent fell and wounded the back of her head; from this time she was subject to periodical fits of madness, and gradually lost her intellectual brilliancy. A man whom Dr. Gall saw at Pforzheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, had his frontal bone fractured at the age of six yeafs, and in consequence became liable to periodical fits of fury.-In another, residing at Weil, near Stuttgard, a portion of the skull was depressed by a blow from a stone; before this accident he bore the reputation of a peaceful citizen, but after recovery his friends were surprised to find his character entirely changed; though formerly so mild and good-natured, he was now a troublesome brawler. Dr. Gall preserved his skull, which is thick and very dense, thus showing how much the brain had been affected.-Father Mabillon, had a very limited capacity in early youth, insomuch that, at the age of eighteen, he could neither read nor write, and hardly even speak. In consequence of a fall, it became necessary to trepan his skull: during his convalescence a copy of Euclid fell into his hands, and he made rapid progress in the study of mathematics.§-Dr. Gall mentions also the case of a lad who, up to his thirteenth year, was incorrigibly dull; having fallen from a staircase and wounded his head, he afterward, when cured, pursued his studies with distinguished success.-Another young man, when at the age of fourteen or fifteen, was equally unpromising, but fell from a stair in Copenhagen, and subsequently manifested great vigour of the intellectual faculties. Nor was this the full extent of the change. Before the accident his moral character was unexceptionable; but latterly it became so bad, as to deprive him of an important situation, and ultimately to consign him to prison.-Gretry tells of himself in his memoirs, that he was indebted for his musical genius to a violent blow inflicted on his head by a falling beam of wood.-Haller speaks of an idiot who, having been seriously wounded on the head, manifested intelligence while the injury was unhealed, but relapsed into imbecility as soon as the cure was complete.||-Dr. Caldwell mentions the case of a mechanic, near Lexington, Kentucky, whose intellectual powers were greatly augmented by "an inflammatory action of the brain resulting from a mechanical injury." A similar change, he adds, "took place in one of the sons of the late Dr. Priestley. A fracture of the skull, produced by a fall from a two-story window, improved not a little the character of his intellect. For a knowledge of this fact I am indebted to the doctor himself."¶—

* Gall, ii., 172.

Gall, ii., 174.

§ Ib., p. 176.

† Ib., p. 173. || Ib., i., 215, 216; v., 120. Caldwell's Elements of Phrenology, 2d edit., pp. 92, 93.

A young man who had received a considerable wound near the temporal bone was trepanned by Acrel. When cured, he felt an irresistible propensity to steal, although formerly no such disposition had existed: Acrel procured his liberation from prison by attributing this troublesome inclination to the effects of the wound.*-There is in Dr. Gall's collection a cast of the head of a relative of his own, whose brain was injured by the fall of a tile before the accident this person was good-natured, pacific, and regular in his habits, but afterward became eccentric, quarrelsome, and apt to fly into a passion at the slightest contradiction.†-Mr. Hood, of Kilmarnock, has published similar cases. A man was waylaid and struck severely on the head with a pair of tongs, which penetrated to a considerable depth into his brain at the situation of the left organ of Cautiousness; subsequently to this he manifested an unusual degree of timidity. Another individual had his skull fractured by falling from a stage-coach, the injury extending over the organs of Destructiveness and Combativeness; and his temper in consequence became more irritable than before. Little is yet known concerning the manner in which the injuries produced these effects.

No. II.

Text, pages 106, 180, and 238.

Objections to Dr. Spurzheim's Classification of the Mental Faculties. By. Robert Cox.-Abridged from the Phrenological Journal, vol. x., p. 154.

Every mental faculty is capable of acting in various forms; in other words, it may exist in different states, each giving rise to a distinct variety of consciousness-a distinct affection of the mind. The sense of feeling, for example, one of the fundamental faculties, but the consciousness resulting from its activity is modified according to the particular state in which its organs happen to be, from the influence of some external or internal cause. Thus, when we hold our fingers near the fire, the sensation of heat arises, and this is one affection or mode of action of the faculty. If we prick the skin with a needle, the affection is that of pain: tickle the soles of the feet, and the sensation of itching follows: dip the hands into melting snow, and the sensation of cold is experienced. All these affections, it will be observed, are referrible to one faculty alone; they are modes of action of a single power. The affections or modes of action of the fundamental powers are divided by Dr. Spurzheim into qualitive and quantitive affections; that is to say, first, those which differ in kind, as the sensation of heat differs from the sensations of pain, cold, and itching; and, secondly, those which differ in intensity or power. The sense of taste, for example, is, like that of feeling, subject to modifications, giving rise to different affections or states of consciousness. According to the nature of the substances taken into the month, the affection is that of sweetness, bitterness, sourness, acritude, and so on. These are qualitive affections of a single faculty-affections different in kind, and not merely in degree. The sense of smell, in like manner, is modified when stimu lated by different odoriferous substances; and that of hearing is variously affected by different sounds, as shrill, grave, creaking, and whistling. So also the sentiments of pride and contempt are two qualitive affections of the single faculty of Self-Esteem.

The quantitive affections are no other than the qualitive existing at different points in the scale of intensity, quantity, or power; a single qualitive affec tion often receiving different names, according to its degree of force. Thus, one general qualitive affection receives at various points in the scale of intensity the names of velleity, desire, longing, and passion; one general quali. tive affection of Acquisitiveness or Love of Approbation is called at a certa in point pleasure, at another joy, and at a third ecstasy; while another general Ib., ii., 75, et seq.

+ Phren. Journ., vii., 33.

* Gall, i., 450 I employ the word affection as it is used by Dr. Spurzheim, "solely according to its etymology, to indicate the different states of being affected of the fundamental powers." See his Philosophical Principles of Phrenology, p. 43. In this article the last (American) editions of Dr. Spurzheim's works are quoted.

qualitive affection of the same faculties is termed on one occasion pain, on another grief, and on a third wretchedness or misery. The special qualitive affection of Cautiousness called fear includes the quantitive affections of wariness, apprehension, anxiety, terror, and panic.

It happens with many of the faculties that their affections are of two kinds : 1st, an inclination or propensity to act in a particular way; and, 2dly, certain emotions or sentiments which accompany, but are easily distinguishable from, propensity. Thus, one affection of Acquisitiveness is an inclination to take possession of property and to hoard it up, while another is the sentiment of greed. Self-Esteem is the source of an inclination to wield authority, and at the same time of the emotion which its name denotes, including the various quantitive affections of self-satisfaction, self-reliance, self-importance, pride, and overweening arrogance. Contempt, which is a qualitive affection of the same faculty, falls, like the emotion named self-esteem, within the second or sentimental class of affections. Upon the existence of these two kinds of affections Dr. Spurzheim has founded an important part of his classification. Gall and Spurzheim agree in dividing the mental faculties into two great orders, the first comprehending what are termed the dispositions, and the second the powers of the understanding. This division has been recognised, from the remotest antiquity, under the names of soul and spirit, (láme et l'esprit,) will and understanding, the moral and intellectual faculties, heart and head. Dr. Spurzheim calls the former the feelings or affective faculties ;* of which, says he, "the essential nature is to feel emotions;"† and the latter the intellectual faculties, whose "essential nature is to procure knowledge."‡ To the designation intellectual faculties it appears impossible to object; but as it is by no means evident that emotions are peculiar to the faculties called affective, the use of that term, as defined by Dr. Spurzheim, seems to be improper. In fact, many general emotions are modes of action of the intellectual as well as of the affective powers. Every faculty, without exception, desires; and what is desire but an emotion? Every faculty experiences pleasure and pain, and are not these emotions? Take the sense of taste as an example. This, being an intellectual faculty, experiences, according to Dr. Spurzheim, no emotion; but, as Dr. Hoppe, of Copenhagen, has already inquired, "when we sit down, delighting in the dainties of a well-stored table, is not then the working of the sense wholly affective ?" I propose, therefore, to define the affective faculties as those of which the essential nature is to feel emotions, or inclinations, or both, but which do not procure knowledge. Dr. Spurzheim's classification, however, does not stop here. "Both orders of the cerebral functions," says he, " may be subdivided into several genera, and each genus into several species. Some affective powers produce only desires, inclinations, or instincts; I denominate them by the general title propensities. The name propensities, then, is only applied to indicate internal impulses which invite to certain actions. They correspond with the instincts or instinctive powers of animals. There are other affective faculties,” he continues," which are not confined to inclination alone, but have something superadded that may be styled sentiment. Self-Esteem, for instance, produces a certain propensity to act; but, at the same time, feels another emotion or affection which is not merely propensity." The affective faculties named by Dr. Spurzheim propensities, are Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, Inhabitiveness, Adhesiveness, Combativeness, Destructiveness, Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Constructiveness; those which he calls sentiments are Self-Esteem, Love of Approbation, Cautiousness, Benevolence, Veneration, Firmness, Conscientiousness, Hope, Marvellousness, Ideality, Mirthfulness or Gayness, and Imitation.

To Dr. Spurzheim's division of the affective faculties into propensities, or mere tendencies to certain modes of action-and sentiments, which are propensities with emotions superadded-I offer no objection except that, as will be shown in the sequel, a third genus ought to be introduced.. But when the claims of the individual faculties to be ranked in one or other of the subdivi sions are narrowly scrutinized, I fear that much inaccuracy becomes apparent. Judging from the present state of our knowledge of the fundamental powers of the mind, the whole of the affective faculties, with the exception of only + Phil. Prin. of Phren., p. 48. + Ibid., p. 52. || Phrenology, p. 131.

*Phrenology, p. 131. Phren. Journ., iv., 308.

five, seem entitled to be called sentiments, taking that word as it is defined by Dr. Spurzheim. These five exceptions I conceive to be-1st, Construc. tiveness, which is understood to be a mere inclination or tendency to fashion or configurate, without, so far as I can see, any special emotion superadded to it; 2diy, Imitation, which is in exactly the same predicament, though classed as a sentiment by Dr. Spurzheim; and, finally, Love of Approbation, Hope, and Ideality, which appear to be mere special emotions, superadded to no propensity whatever. Except these five, I repeat, the whole affective faculties seem to be propensities, tendencies, or inclinations, having emotions annexed to them. This position it will be proper to demonstrate in detail. In taking a survey of the faculties, I shall notice, first, the sort of actions to which they give a tendency; and, secondly, the simple affections or emotions by which that tendency is accompanied.

Amativeness includes both a tendency to act in a particular way and a concomitant emotion. The former is the tendency to propagate, and inclination to acts of dalliance in general; while the latter is the emotion of sexual love. This faculty, therefore, falls within Dr. Spurzheim's definition of a sentiment. Of Philoprogenitiveness the same is true. The tendency is an inclination to associate with children, and the emotion is love of young.

Adhesiveness is a tendency to associate with our fellow-creatures generally, and the corresponding emotion is love or attachment between friends. This emotion never exists except in combination with a desire to be in the society of the person beloved.

*

The next faculty is usually named Combativeness; but, for reasons elsewhere published, I conceive that Opposiveness is a more accurate term. The propensity is not in all cases a tendency to fight, but a general inclination to oppose. The emotion of which the mind is conscious when this tendency acts, is boldness or courage.

Destructiveness is a tendency to injure. The superadded emotion has no name that I am aware of, except when high in the scale of quantitive affections. Ferocity is then the appellation which it receives. The emotion is an ingredient in various compound affections, such as anger, jealousy, malice, and envy.

Alimentiveness may be regarded as a propensity to eat and drink. Hunger and thirst are not usually referred to this organ; but these seem to be merely the sentimental affections which accompany the desire to feed.

Secretiveness is an inclination to conceal. The emotion, like that of Destructiveness, receives a name only when it is strong. Slyness and suspicion are emotions of this faculty in a state of vigorous action.

Acquisitiveness is a tendency to acquire and hoard property. Cupidity or greed is the emotion when it is very powerful.

Constructiveness is a tendency to fashion. As already observed, no special emotion accompanies its activity; so that it is entitled to be called a propensity in Dr. Spurzheim's sense of that word.

Self-Esteem is the name of the emotion arising from the organ No. 10. Self-complacency is almost synonymous with it; and pride is the emotion higher in the scale of quantitive affections of the faculty. The corresponding propensity is a tendency to take the lead, to exercise authority, to attend to self-interest and self-gratification, to prefer one's self to other people.

Love of Approbation is an emotion which assumes the name of vanity when in excess. It seems doubtful whether any propensity accompanies it. Shame is an affection of this power.

Cautiousness is the emotion of wariness, and, when powerful, of fear. The propensity is to take precautions against danger.

Benevolence is surely not less a propensity than Destructiveness, and no reason appears why they should be classified differently. It is a tendency to increase the enjoyment and diminish the misery of sentient beings. The emotions accompanying this tendency are good will and compassion.

Veneration is a propensity to act with deference, submission, or respect toward our fellow-men-to obey these in authority, and to worship the Supreme Being. The emotion is well expressed by the words veneration and deference, and, when in great vigour, is called devotion.

* See Phrenological Journal, vol. ix., p. 147.