as to the Side he ought to choose, 48. His Warning against Civil War, 48.

Takes Arms against the King, 49. He renounces Arms, 49. A Lay Member

of the Westminster Assembly, 49. Whitelock Commissioner at Oxford to

treat with King, 49. Charge against him of intriguing with King, 50. White-

lock takes Part against Cromwell, 50. But succumbs to him, 51. Whitelock's

professional Success, 51. He refuses the Office of Recorder of London, 51.

He is appointed Commissioner of Great Seal, 51. Whitelock's Statement of

this Transaction, 51. Whitelock and Widdrington sworn in, 52. Whitelock's

Address to Serjeant Wilde when made Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 53.

Whitelock's Address on a Call of Serjeants, 54. Pride's Purge, 56. Conduct

of Lords Commissioners, 56. Conference of Lords Commissioners with Crom-

well, 57. The King to be brought to Trial, 57. Arguments in favour of this

Proceeding, 57. Opposed by Whitelock, 57. Cromwell's Speech, 57. Reso-

lution carried, 58. The Lords Commissioners refuse to concur in the Trial of

the King, 58. They conceal themselves, 58. Ordinance for Grand Court of

Justice to try the King, 58. Rejected by the Lords, 59. Commons vote that

the Supreme Power was exclusively in them, 59. New Great Seal with Re-

publican Insignia ordered, 59. Lords Commissioners refuse to sit in the High

Court of Justice, 60. Difficulty about adjourning the Courts in Westminster

Hall pending the King's Trial, 60. Proceedings in the Lords, 60. Messengers

of the Lords refused Admittance by the Commons, 61. The Commons vote

the Lords useless, 61. Whitelock compelled to draw an Ordinance for abolish-

ing the Lords, 61. And an Ordinance for abolishing the Office of King, 61.

Great Seal with Royal Arms broken, 62. Serjeant Widdrington refuses to

serve as Lord Commissioner under new Government, 62. Trimming Conduct

of Whitelock, 62. Major Lisle a Commissioner of the Great Seal, 62. And

Serjeant Keble, 63. Ordinance passes for new Lords Commissioners, 63.

Copy of Ordinance, 63. Preservation of Titles in Time of Commonwealth, 63.

Speaker's Address to them, 63. Lord Commissioner Whitelock's Answer, 64.

CHAPTER LXX.

LORDS KEEPERS FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE REPUBLICAN GREAT SEAL TILL

64
CROMWELL BECAME PROTECTOR.'

Whitelock as Equity Judge, 65. Ordinance to make Forgery of Republican Great

Seal Treason, 65. Ceremony of approving the Lord Mayor, 65. Precedence

of Lord Commissioner Whitelock at Lord Mayor's Dinner, 65. Whitelock's

Address to the Republican Judges, 66. His Merit in preserving Books_and

Works of Art, 66. His noble Defence of the Profession of the Law, 66. Law

Reform supported by Whitelock, 67. Whitelock discourages Cromwell's

Assumption of the Crown, 68. Conference before Dissolution of the Long

Parliament, 69. Dissolution of the Long Parliament, 69. New "Council of

State," 69. Barebones' Parliament, 70. Resolution for total and immediate

Abolition of the Court of Chancery, 70. Difficulties in the Plan, 70. Bill to

suspend all Proceedings in Chancery, 71. Bill to abolish the Court, 71. End

of Barebones' Parliament, 71. Whitelock goes on an Embassy to Sweden, 71.

CHAPTER LXXI.

LORDS KEEPERS DURING THE PROTECTORATE OF OLIVER CROMWELL.

Cromwell installed as Protector, 72. Whitelock acknowledges Cromwell as Pro-

tector, 72. Lord Protector delivers Great Seal to Commissioners, 72. Crom-

well's second Parliament, 73. Abruptly dissolved, 73. Cromwell's Ordinance

for Reform of Chancery, 73. Lords Commissioners refuse to obey it, 74.

Lords Commissioners summoned before the Council, 74. They are dismissed,

74. Great Seal committed to the Keeping of a Colonel and a Major, 74. His-

tory of Lord Commissioner_Colonel Fiennes, 75. Judicial Conduct of the

Colonel and the Major, 75. Political Conduct of the Lords Commissioners, 76.

Act for excluding the Stuarts, 77. Offer of the Crown to Cromwell, 77. New

Form of Government under "Petition and Advice," 77. Cromwell creates

Peers, 78. Lord Protector opens Session, 78. Reasons of Summons declared

by Lord Commissioner, 79. Proceedings in the House of Peers, 79. Refusal

of Commons to recognise the House of Peers, 79. Cromwell dissolves his third

and last Parliament, 80. High Court of Justice established, 80. Whitelock

refuses to be made a Viscount, 81. Death of Cromwell, 81.

CHAPTER LXXII.

LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE GREAT SEAL FROM THE DEATH OF CROMWELL TILL

THE RESTORATION.

Proclamation of Richard as Lord Protector, 82. Fiennes and Lisle confirmed as

Keepers of Great Seal, and Whitelock joined with them, 82. Opening of

Parliament, 82. The three Commissioners of the Great Seal sit in the Upper

House as Peers, 82. Commons refuse to acknowledge them, 83. Parliament

dissolved, 83. Lord Whitelock again in the House of Commons, 83. New

Great Seal ordered by Rump, 83. Ordinance for new Great Seal, 83. Act for

reforming Court of Chancery, 84. Bradshaw, Terryll, and Fountain, new Com-

missioners of Great Seal, 84. Oath administered to them, 84. Commission for

hearing Causes, 84. Rump again expelled, 85. Whitelock invited to join the

Council of Officers, 85. Whitelock sole Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, 86.

He hears Causes at Whitehall, 86. Proclamation for new Parliament, 87.

Dialogue between Lord Keeper and a Military Officer on the Vices and Merits

of Lawyers, 87. Project of Whitelock to carry the Great Seal to the King at

Breda, 87. Fleetwood consents to join in Restoration of Charles, 88. But is

deterred, and the Scheme is abandoned, 88. Its probable Consequences, 89.

Lord Keeper issues Writs for new Parliament, 89. Rump restored, 89. Alarm

of Whitelock, 89. Whitelock sends the Great Seal to the Speaker, and con-

ceals himself, 90. Charles II.'s Speech to Whitelock, 90. Whitelock's Death,

90. His Character, 90. His Writings, 91. His Sons, 92. Great Seal in

Custody of Speaker, 92. Delivered to Widdrington, Terryll, and Fountain,

92. Act for dissolving Long Parliament, 93. Lords Commissioners issue

Writs for the Convention Parliament, 93. Lords elect Earl of Manchester

Speaker, 93. He is added as a Commissioner of the Great Seal, 93. Difficulty

about Use of Republican Great Seal, 94. Approach of King Charles II., 94.

Republican Great Seal broken, 94. Restoration, 95. Plan for adopting the

Mosaic Law, 95. Cromwell's rude notions of Law Reform, 95. Enlightened

Law Reformers under the Commonwealth, 96. Their Measures, 96. Parlia-

mentary Reform, 97. Cromwell appoints good Common-law Judges, 98.

Equity ill-administered during the Commonwealth, 98. Desire of Lenthall,

Master of the Rolls, to be a Peer, 99. Orders and Ordinances improving Chan-

cery Practice, 99. Comparison between Republicans in England and in

France, 99.

CHAPTER LXXIII.

LIFE OF LORD KEEPER HERBERT.

Reasons for writing Life of Lord Keeper Herbert, 100. Charles II.'s Great Seal,

100. Lost at Battle of Worcester, 101. New Great Seal in France, 101.

Struggle between Hyde and Herbert, 101. Herbert, Lord Keeper, 101. His

Birth, 101. Practice at Bar, 101. Strong Prerogative Lawyer, 101. Made

Solicitor General, 102. His difficulties at Commencement of the Long Parlia-

ment, 102. Made Attorney-General, and leaves House of Commons, 102. His

irksome Position in the House of Lords, 103. He is ordered by the King to

prosecute Lord Kimbolton and the Five Members for Treason, 103. He im-

prudently obeys, 103. Prosecution against the Attorney-General, 104. King's

Letter acquitting him of all Blame, 104. Serjeant Wilde conducts Prosecution
as Manager for the Commons, 104. Serjeant Wilde's Notions of Parliamentary

Privilege, 105. Dastardly Behaviour of the Attorney-General's leading Coun

sel, 105. Attorney-General's Defence, 106. He is found guilty, and impri-

soned, 106. Being liberated, he joins the King at York, 106. Resides at Oxford,

106. Goes into Exile, 107. Hated by Hyde, 107. Instance of his courteous Be-

haviour to Hyde, 107. Charge against him by Hyde of Breach of Confidence

and breeding Strife, 107. Declaration on Accession of Charles II., 107. Herbert

accompanies Duke of York to Lorraine, 107. Herbert joins Charles II. at Paris,

108. Clarendon's Account of Herbert receiving the Great Seal, 108. Herbert

while Lord Keeper, 108. Said to have originated Charge against Clarendon of

corresponding with Cromwell, 108. His Charge against Clarendon for abusing

the King, 108. Charles's noble Conduct on this Occasion, 109. Herbert dis-

missed from Office of Lord Keeper, 109. His Grief, 110. The inglorious Ter-

mination of his Career at Paris, 110. His Character, 110. His Descendants, 110.

CHAPTER LXXIV.

LIFE OF LORD CHANCELLOR CLARENDON FROM HIS BIRTH TILL THE EXECUTION OF

LORD STRAFFORD.

His Family, 111. His Birth, 111. His Education, 111. At Oxford, 112. Studies

Law at Middle Temple, 112. Associates with dissolute Company, 112. Sent

as Marshal on the Circuit, 112. Marries for love, 113. Death of his first wife,

113. Gets into Good Society, 113. His Friendship with Lord Falkland, 113.

His second Wife, 114. Death of his Father, 114. Devotes himself to Profes-

sion of the Law, 114. His Success, 114. Manager of the Masque to the Queen,

114. Happy Period of his Life, 115. His liberal Opinions, 115. Introduced

to Archbishop Laud, 115. The "Short Parliament," 116. Hyde attacks Earl

Marshal's Court, 116. Supports the Supply, 117. Tries to prevent the Disso-

lution, 117. Conversation with St. John on the Dissolution, 118. Arbitrary

Measures of the Government, 118. Long Parliament, 118. Hyde gives up his

Practice at the Bar, 118. Procures the Suppression of Earl Marshal's Court,

118. He assists in the Proceedings against the Judges, 119. Attacks Court of

the North, 120. Tries to raise a Loan for the Government, 120. Strenuously

supports the Prosecution against Lord Strafford, 120. Proofs of this Fact, 120.

Hyde supported Bill of Attainder against Lord Strafford, 121. Contrary Evi-

dence, 121. Question upon the Propriety of proceeding capitally against Straf-

ford, 122.

CHAPTER LXXV.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON TILL HE WAS SENT TO BRISTOL WITH

THE CHARGE OF PRINCE CHARLES.

Dangerous Bill to prevent a Dissolution of the Parliament supported by Hyde, 123.

Alarm of Hyde when this Bill passed, 123. He goes over to the Royalist Side,

123. Designs of some popular Leaders, 124. Hyde opposes Exclusion of

Bishops from Parliament, 124. Bill for abolishing Episcopacy, 124. Hyde's

first Interview with Charles I., 125. Hours and Habits during Long Parlia-

ment, 125. Q. as to Part then to be taken by a good Citizen? 125. "Remon-

strance" by Parliament, 125. Hyde's maiden State Paper, 126. He refuses

Office of Solicitor General, 126. Hyde, Member of Inner Cabinet, 126. Fatal

Step of the Impeachment of Lord Kimbolton and the Five Members, 127. Hyde

sent by Parliament on a Deputation to the King, 127. The King leaves London

for the North, 128. Militia Ordinance, 129. Hyde joins the King at York, 129.

Propositions of the Parliament to the King, 129. King's Answer, 130. Com-

mencement of Civil War, 130. Erection of the Royal Standard, 130. Hyde

present at Battle of Edge Hill, 131. Treachery of the King, 131. Hyde made

Chancellor of the Exchequer and knighted, 131. Battle of Newbury, 131.

Death of Lord Falkland, 131. Hyde disliked by the Royalists, 132. King's

Proposal to dissolve the Parliament at Westminster, 132. Parliament at Ox-

ford, 133. Treaty at Uxbridge, 134.

CHAPTER LXXVI.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON TILL HIS RETURN FROM THE

EMBASSY TO MADRID.

Prince Charles to be sent to the West, 135. Hyde appointed Head of his Council,

135. They proceed to Bristol, 135. Order from the King for the Prince to

retire to France, 135. Hyde and the Prince arrive in Scilly, 136. Hyde and

the Prince arrive in Jersey, 137. Prince Charles quits Jersey, 137. Hyde's

Misfortunes lead to his Celebrity, 138. His Residence in Jersey, 138. Writes

his History of the Rebellion, 138. His Applications for Assistance, 138. His

Letter to Colepepper, 139. His Correspondence with Charles I., 139. His

Mode of Life in Jersey, 139. He leaves Jersey, 140. At Rouen, 141. Taken

by Pirates, 141. Joins Prince Charles at the Hague, 141. His Rivalry with

Herbert, afterwards Lord Keeper, 141. Embassy to Spain, 142. Hyde's

Journey to Spain, 142. Hyde's Treatment at the Court of Spain, 143. Assas-

sination of Ascham, 144. Ordered to leave Madrid, 145. Little Sympathy in

Europe for the Stuarts, or Enmity to the English Republic, 145. Hyde's des-

titute Condition at Madrid, 145. Lord Cottington, his Colleague, settles per-

manently in Spain, 146. Hyde's Audience of Leave, 146.

CHAPTER LXXVII.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF CLARENDON TILL THE GREAT SEAL WAS DELIVERED TO

HIM AT BRUGES.

Hyde leaves Madrid, 147. Resides at Antwerp, 147. Summoned to Paris, 147.

Hyde's Bigotry, 147. Lucy Walters, 148. Dissipation of Charles, 148. Plan

for marrying Charles and the Duke of York, 149. Intrigues in the Court, 149.

Financial Difficulties, 150. Hyde's Dismay when the Great Seal was given to

Herbert, 151. Hyde's joy at Herbert being deprived of the Great Seal, 152.

His Interview with the Queen Dowager, 152. His Residence at Cologne, 152.

His Daughter Anne becomes Maid of Honour to the Princess of Orange, 152.

Treachery and Execution of Manning, 153. Q. Truth of the Story of Hyde

now trying to reconcile himself to Cromwell? 154. Charles removing to

Bruges, Hyde left at Cologne to pay the Debts of the Crown, 155. Negotia-

tion with Sexby, 156. Plan for the Appointment of a Lord Chancellor, 156.

Duplicity of Hyde, 157. His Appointment as Lord Chancellor, 157.

CHAPTER LXXVIII.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF CLARENDON TILL THE RESTORATION OF CHARLES II.

Occupations of the New Lord Chancellor at Bruges, 158. Illness and Death of

Cromwell, 158. Hyde's Plan of Action for the Royalists in the new Parlia-

ment, 159. Dissolution of Richard's Parliament, 160. Hyde at Brussels, 161.

Proposal that Charles should marry the Daughter of General Lambert, 161.

Hyde's Intrigues with different Parties in England, 161. General Monk, 162.

Hyde's Difficulty in managing the Royalists, 163. Facility of obtaining Con-

ditions from Charles, 163. Sir Matthew Hale's Motion negatived, 163. Hyde

composes the Declaration from Breda, 164. Journey to the Hague, 164. Em-

barkation for England, 164. Restoration, 165.

CHAPTER LXXIX.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON TILL THE MEETING OF THE FIRST

PARLIAMENT OF CHARLES II.

Clarendon enters on the Discharge of the official Duties as Chancellor, 165. Takes
his Seat in the Court of Chancery, 166. His Unfitness to act as an Equity

Judge, 166. Attempt to exclude him from the Office, 166. His discreet Con-

duct as a Judge, 167. He refuses to give up Great Seal to be ostensibly as

well as really Prime Minister, 168. He appoints a Cabinet, 168. Bill of Obli-

vion, 169. Člarendon discourages the Settlement of an independent Revenue

on the Crown, 170. Abolition of military Tenures, 170. Compensation to

the Crown unfairly thrown from the Land on the public Revenue, 170. Dis-

banding of the Army, 171. Trial of the Regicides, 171. Exhumation of Crom-

well and Blake, 172. Clarendon's Conduct in the Convention Parliament, 172.

He dupes the Presbyterians, 172. Sir Matthew Hale's Bill for mitigated Epis-

copacy, 173. Sir Matthew Hale made Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 173.

Bill thrown out, 173. Dissolution of the Convention Parliament, 174. Mar-

riage of the Chancellor's Daughter with the Duke of York, 174. Clarendon's

hypocritical Conduct on this Occasion, 175. Sir Charles Berkeley's false

Charge against Anne Hyde, 176. The King reconciled to the Match, 176.

Duchess of York's Forgiveness of Sir Charles Berkeley, 177. The Chancel-

lor created Earl of Clarendon, 177.

CHAPTER LXXX.

CONTINUATION OF LIFE of Lord CLARENDON TILL HIS ACQUITTAL WHEN IMPEACHED

BY THE EARL OF BRISTOL.

First Parliament of Charles II., 178. Clarendon's Designs against the Presbyte-

rians, 178. Resolution of the Commons to expel Dissenters, 179. Bill for re-

storing Bishops to the House of Lords, 179. Corporation Act, 179. Act of

Uniformity, 179. King's Marriage with Catherine of Braganza, 180. Claren-

don tries to persuade the Queen to receive the King's Mistress as one of her

Ladies of Honour, 181. Clarendon's ungenerous Reflections on the Queen,

181. Clarendon refuses a private Bribe from France, 182. But encourages

the King to receive Bribes from France, 183. Sale of Dunkirk, 184. The

King estranged from Clarendon, 185. Question of "Indulgence," 185. Bill

to dispense with Subscription to Doctrine and Discipline of established Church,

186. State of the Court, 186. Clarendon impeached by the Earl of Bristol,

187. His Defence, 187. Clarendon being acquitted, again in Power, 188.

CHAPTER LXXXI.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON TILL HIS FALL.

The King's Declaration that he would not be bound by the Triennial Act, 188.

The Conventicle Act, 189. The Five Mile Act, 189. The Dutch War, 190.

Conferences at Worcester House, 190. Appropriation of Supplies, 190. Cla-

rendon resists Superintendence of Parliament over public Expenditure, 190.

Clarendon supports Free Trade with Ireland, 191. Disgraceful Conduct of the

Dutch War, 192. Public Calamities, 192. Unpopularity of the Chancellor,

193. Clarendon mimicked at Court, 193. La Belle Stuart, 194. Death of

Lady Clarendon, 195. Intrigues against Clarendon, 196. Clarendon's Inter-

view with the King, 196. Curiosity of the Courtiers, 197. Lady Castlemaine's

Reproaches to the King for not dismissing Clarendon, 198. Clarendon dis-

missed, 198.

CHAPTER LXXXII.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON TILL HIS BANISHMENT.

Clarendon's Firmness on his Fall, 198. The King's Behaviour to him, 198. Be-
haviour of others, 199. The King joins in his Persecution, 199. Articles of
Impeachment against him, 199. The King's Speech alluding to Clarendon's