Mr. Evans-Do you feed ice water to your cattle?

Gov. Hoard-No. When I am after a fact there is no fun in me. In some instances, I told you, there were places in silos where it seemed to frost. In one instance it froze in-not our own, but in the neighborhood—about a foot. Now, that frozen silage was taken out, placed in the barn and allowed in the warmth of the barn to thaw out. The cows could not see absolutely that there was any injury to it. Another thing, I will take frosted corn and put it in a silo and I defy anybody to see any injury to that corn.

Mr. Evans-In what stage of maturity is the corn?

Gov. Hoard-As mature as corn will be when it goes in the silo. We have frosts in August, once in a while, that destroy our whole corn crop. I remember, on the 16th of August, 1886, we had a frost that swept over that country that did millions of dollars' worth of damage, but there was no appreciable injury to that corn put in the silo.

That frozen corn when put in the silo, compared with the same corn cut up and fed out, was all right. Then again repeated frosts have come as it goes into the silo. Our ensilage corn is planted the earliest of all corn. We plant it upon what we call our quickest land. We want to get that in and get it ahead of the summer drought if we

can.

Mr. Evans-Do you say that corn frozen after it matures, that freezing would not injure the silage very materially?

Gov. Hoard-No; and I say neither do we find, when we put corn in the silo and it becomes frosted, any material injury to that silage after it comes out of the silo.

Mr. Lindsey-How soon after the corn is frosted is it put in the silage?

Gov. Hoard-Just as soon as we possibly can.

Mr. Lindsay-It won't do to let it stand very long.

Gov. Hoard-I can't speak positively as to that, because the conditions govern on a farm. For instance, we have men to work to day and cut over silage and put it in the silo and to night comes a frost. We don't consider that it has injured it to any material extent. mind you, if it did not go into the silo, it would be very materially injured.

But

Mr. Evans-Above one day, if it was frosted, would almost destroy it, if it was not cut.

Gov. Hoard-With us it don't make much, if any, difference.

Mr. Anderson-What breed of cows do you think is most profitable for general milk selling that would yield milk of about five per cent. butter-fat?

Gov. Hoard-That is very rich milk. The standard milk is four per cent. Five per cent, you see, would be twenty-five per cent more. Mr. Anderson-Then give us what you would consider the best dairy cow, the best breed, and the best cross.

Gov. Hoard--I can only give you a little experience. One of the finest herds of dairy cattle that I know of in our section have been bred from grade Ayrshires topped with either thoroughbred Jersey or Guernsey sire. The Ayrshire and the Jersey or Guernsey seem to nick kindly. By "nick" I mean coming together harmoniously, going on and holding together. Now with Holsteins and Jerseys particularly, there are two breeds of such tremendous potentiality on either side that they don't come together and "nick" well. Occasionally we find a case that is different. Theoretically it would be a good thing. Some men think they will get the flow of the Holstein and the butter-fat of the Jersey, and unite them and get a better cow. But the first you know you will find them swinging one way or the other, and the general result has been that they don't nick kindly, as does the ordinary native cow with a thoroughbred Jersey or Guernsey sire, or the Ayrshire grade, or the Shorthorn grade with a Jersey or Guernsey sire. That has been my observation. I don't believe in crossing much. I know the average farmer is all the time crossing, and he mixes the breeds of his cows a good deal as the Frenchman who wanted the barkeeper to put him up some Jacob. "What is that; what is your Jacob?" Well," he said, "I tell you that thing. You put in ze brandy to make him strong, and ze water for to make him weak, and ze lemon for to make him sour, and zee sugar to make him sweet." "Oh! you want a flip." "Oui," he said, "I will have some Phillip." (Laughter.)

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I see men breed cattle that way, the Jersey to give richness, the Shorthorn to give beef, and something else may be to give size, and when you are through you have hodge-podge. There are no clean, lasting results, and you have the average cow of the country. You go all over the great cow district of New York particularly and you will see just that kind of hodge-podge stuff, and you have low average and low quality. I believe there is only one true thing to do and that is to establish your line and breed in line.

Mr. Loveland-I would like to ask whether when the corn is put in the silage you get the full benefit of it.

Gov. Hoard-Theoretically it is supposed to lose a little but not as much as the stalk does if you wait and ripen the corn.

CONCERNING COUNTERFEIT DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Governor Hoard-A very interesting struggle is on foot between the forces of light and the forces of darkness.

The forces of light, who believe in whatsoever things are good, and whatsoever things are lovely and of good report, are represented to-day by the dairy men and consumers of the country who are asking for legislation that shall repress counterfeits and adulterations in food. The forces of darkness are represented by the great army of counterfeiters and adulterators of this wicked and adulterous generation. Do you know that there is a tremendous amount of capital behind this question of food and adulteration, and it is astounding, gentlemen, when you get at it. The Senate Committee of the United States headed by Senator Mason, which traveled over this country and took' testimony last summer, were themselves completely astounded at the evidence of the adulteration of food which was presented to them.

Let me give you one little illustration: When we prepared our Dairy and Food Commission law in Wisconsin, and had got the machinery going, we took thirty samples of cream of tartar from thirty of the most reputable grocers, and twenty-four out of the thirty did not contain a trace of cream of tartar.

Now look at that percentage. They were composed of different things, and twenty-four out of the thirty were absolute frauds. And this state of things has been going from worse to worse, until the sentiment of the country is being aroused, and to day all manner of wicked devices are sold to poison the people.

The National Dairy Union, of which I have the honor to be an officer, is composed of people from all parts of the country, boards of trade, creamery and other dairy people and members of the trade in the various States in the East and West. It was organized about nine years ago, and its object is the promotion of legislation, both State and National, for the suppression of counterfeiting in dairy products. It confines itself principally to dairy products, and has fought several distinguished battles. It took up the fight against Filled Cheese-a fraud product that is composed of skimmed cheese injected

with oleomargarine oil in place of butter-fat, and which caused the destruction of millions of dollars' worth of trade that the United States had in Europe.

In 1886 the trade of the United States with Europe in cheese amounted to about $13,000,000 or $14,000,000, that of Canada amounted to less than $3,000,000. In 1899 the trade of the United States has fallen to about $3,000,000, and that of Canada is more than $18,000,000. What led to it? Stupid dishonesty. Canada— I am filled with admiration at the shrewdness and the smartness of these Canadians who have been smart enough and shrewd enough not to insult the consumer with a counterfeit they enforce absolute prohibition within the lines of the Dominion in such things as the making of oleomargarine or counterfeit butter, or such a thing as filled cheese; and there is not a dollar's worth of these frauds made there. The result of it is that they reached out and secured hold of the confidence, after we had abused that confidence, of the English consuming public; they reached out and took it; and they righteously were entitled to it. When we are frauds and cheats, it is good service of any nation that takes the place of that nation in providing honest food.

I have no excuse for any man that is a swindler and a fraud, and I tell you we need to lift up the moral sentiment of our country and begin to look at this question from the standpoint of ethics, or we are gone.

We are losing the confidence of our own people. Look at this investigation of embalmed beef. See the scuffling that was done to save our foreign trade. Oh! gentlemen, it is time that the moral sense of this people begin to say to the adulterer "Get thee bence." I want to say that New Jersey has got a duty to perform in that direction as well as every other State.

We are at work at the present time on National legislation. I am to go to Washington on Saturday to spend, I do not know how much time, in behalf of the Grout Bill. We have settled down upon that measure and I will explain it in a few words. You remember about 1891, the original package decision came on the shipment of liquor into Iowa, a prohibition State, and the friends of temperance all over the country were astounded and alarmed at the decision of the United States Supreme Court-the District Court at first, and confirmed by the Supreme Court-that by the terms of the inter-state commerce law any original package could be shipped from one State into another

and the laws of that State could not bar them from entering that State in that original package. At once Mr. Wilson, a United States Senator from Iowa, offered a bill, known as the "Wilson Bill," providing that all liquor should be exempt from the effect of that decision, and that it should be subject to the laws of the State when it came into the State, no matter in what package, or form or condition it was. That law was passed.

Now the Grout Bill proposes to put oleomargarine and like counterfeits in the same category, and make them subject to the laws of the several States, no matter whether they come in the original package or not. In addition the Grout Bill proposes to put a tax of ten cents per pound upon all imitations of yellow butter, taxing the counterfeit of yellow butter ten cents per pound and taxing the white or the oleo that is not counterfeit only one-fourth of a cent per pound. In the course of affairs there arose some disagreement between the National Dairy Union and some of our friends in the East, particularly in New York and on the Atlantic coast. We held a meeting at Cortland, New York, in December, in which we came together in agreement, and now I say to you that the sentiment of the East and the West is united. (Applause.)

And I am very glad of it, because nothing pleases our enemies— the men who are making oleo, and who are defrauding and doing everything they can to break down State laws-nothing pleases them so much as a division on our part. We have raised in the West about $14,000, mostly by fifty-cent subscriptions, selling badges, and with this money we have been trying to arouse public sentiment in all parts of the nation, as far as possible-arousing the constituents behind the Congressmen.

I told you two years ago of my experience, you remember, about my going home from Chicago in 1885, and asking the dairymen to write their Congressman a postal-card. And you remember I told you that I sent the request to every agricultural paper in the United States, and it was published, and postal-cards poured into Washington to such an extent that they almost snowed Congressmen under. My own Congressman wrote me, "For God's sake, let up; I have a bushel and a half of postal-cards, and I am all right, and you know it." It was a majestic demonstration of the power of the constituent in making himself felt in the mind of his representative.

Now we want to see New Jersey organize an Auxiliary Dairy Union, and Pennsylvania, and all these different States, organize