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nished." Two ships, the Darling and the Discoverer, were put under the charge of Laurence Keymis, who had gone with Raleigh in the former voyage. He sailed January 26, 1596, and returned in June of the same year. His narrative of the voyage is preserved in Hakluyt, iii., 672-687. He gained considerable knowledge of the coast and rivers, and made diligent inquiry for the position of Manoa. He sailed up the Raleana, as he named the Oronoco, as far as the mouth of the Caroli, where he found a company of Spaniards, with a village of some twenty houses, and a fort on a rocky island in the river. He went within, as he supposed, about fifteen miles of the gold mine, but was prevented from reaching it by fear of the Spaniards (who had left their town to plant an ambush on the passage leading to it), and returned after two days in the belief that they might easily have intercepted his company on their way down the river. He learned that the Spaniards were universally hated by the Indians; and, though he brought home none of the precious metals, he reported "that the Ampagotos have images of gold of incredi ble bigness." He reaffirmed the story of the headless men, and adds, "What I have heard

of a sort of people more monstrous, I omit to mention, because it is no matter of difficulty to get one of them, and the report otherwise will appear fabulous." He appears to have been a shrewd and honest observer, and to have returned with a thorough conviction that success must yet crown the adventure. "Myself," he says, "and the remains of my few years I have bequeathed wholly to Raleana, and all my thoughts live only in that action."

In 1596 Sir Walter was engaged in the famous expedition to Cadiz. The queen had been led to fear that Philip was seriously and earnestly preparing for war with England, if not for another attempted invasion. She resolved to prevent the latter contingency at least, by attacking him in his own ports. For this purpose a fleet of seventeen ships-of-war and about one hundred and thirty smaller vessels was fitted out, and seven thousand soldiers and about the same number of seamen were embarked. The Earl of Essex commanded the land forces, and Lord Charles Howard, of Effingham, the fleet. Sir Walter Raleigh had the command of one of the four squadrons into which the fleet was divided, and was a member of the council of war. He

did not reach Plymouth, from which they were to sail, till some days after the other commanders. The cause of his delay is not known, though it occasioned some distrust and dissatisfaction at the time; being suspected to be, as Anthony Bacon wrote to his brother Sir Francis, "upon pregnant design, which will be brought forth very shortly." Some dissensions between him and his brother-officers, which were ascribed to his hostility to Essex, happened by the way, which were soon, in appearance, reconciled.

The fleet sailed on the first of June, and came to anchor near Cadiz on the twentieth. Sir Walter has left a "relation of the Cadiz action," which we follow. The commanders, in Sir Walter's absence, had determined first to attack the town. At his suggestion, however, they concluded first to attempt the ships and fort which occupied and defended the harbour. At his own request, he was directed to board the "great galleons of Spain," in fly-boats to be sent up for that purpose. The Spanish men-of-war were arranged in several lines, with "seventeen galleys to in

* [Published in the "genuine remains" of Sir Walter Ra leigh, App. No. ii., p. 19-25 to the abridgment of his History of the World, by his grandson, Philip Raleigh.-H.]

terlace them, as occasion should be offered," in such manner as to cover the entrance "as a bridge." The English fleet, in entering. met a "fort called the Philip, which beat and commanded the harbour. There were also ordnance, which lay all along the curtain upon the wall towards the sea, and divers pieces of culverin, which scoured the channel," and then the galleys. Sir Walter's ships entered foremost, and answered the fire of the fort and the galleys, "to each piece a blurr with a trumpet, esteeming them as but wasps," and aiming at "the St. Philip, the great and famous admiral of Spain."

The other ships came up in order, but Raleigh "held single in the head of all." The fight continued about three hours, when, the fly-boats having not come up, he "laid out a warp by the side of the Philip to shake hands with her," when the Spaniards, perceiving it, slipped their cables and ran their ships ashore. Eight only of the English ships were engaged, and of the Spaniards fifty-five. soldiers were then landed, and the town taken "with a sudden fury and with little loss." In this action Sir Walter received a grievous wound in the leg, which prevented him from taking a part in the sacking of the town. The

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conclusion of his "relation" curiously shows how wars were carried on in those days. "The town of Cales was very rich in merchandise, in plate, and money: many rich prisoners given to the land commanders; so as that sort are very rich. Some had prisoners for 16,000 ducats, some for 20,000, some for 10,000; and, besides, great houses of merchandise. What the generals have gotten, I know least; they protest it is little. For mine own part, I have gotten a lame leg and a deformed. For the rest, either I spake too late, or it was otherwise resolved. I have not wanted good words, and exceeding kind and regardful usance; but I have possession of naught but poverty and pain. If God had spared me that blow, I had possest myself of some house." The contemporary testimonies to the valour and skilful conduct of Sir Walter in this action are abundant. The army re-embarked July 5, and reached Plymouth August 10.

On his return from the expedition to Cadiz, Sir Walter prepared for a third voyage to Guiana. He fitted out for this purpose a stout pinnace, the Wat, and placed it under the command of Captain Leonard Birnie. A relation of the voyage by Thomas Masham, a

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