Army; Lingfield, belonging to the Christian Social Service League, and Libury Hall at Great Munden, Herts, which is a colony run by Germans in England on the lines of the thirty-two agricultural colonies in Germany itself. The mistake which has been made in every country so far as labor colonies are concerned, is that of not drawing a hard and fast line between colonies for the inefficients and colonies for the genuine unemployed. It is only in recent years that any attempt has been made to classify the men who have been sent to these colonies. The result is that the vagrant and the wastrel, the criminal and the epileptic, are found side by side with the industrious and capable working man who for one reason or another has been out of work for a long period. We must make up our minds what class we are trying to reach and to assist, and there can be no doubt that what is really required is a series of graded colonies dealing with various classes from the unemployable up to the better class of unemployed, namely, the type of man who can be taught agriculture on a training farm, and who, if taught and properly assisted, may become a successful small holder. Until the labor colonies are adapted specifically to deal with these classes that are at present all sent in a body to the same colony, we cannot entertain any hope of their success. It seems, however, that in the near future this classification will be accomplished, and then we may expect to find, not only colonies of detention for the vagrant, but also agricultural training farms for the type of laborer who was once upon the land but now finds himself unemployed in our large towns. How are these and similar men to be finally established in the country? The serious obstacle to any solution of the unemployed problem, complicated as it is by the rush of agricultural laborers to the town, is the land monopoly. That question we propose to deal with at a later stage. It is sufficient for our purpose to say that unless the evil of land monopoly can be reduced in extent, all hope of really solving the unemployed prob

lem is at an end. While it is possible for fourteen Peers in the House of Lords to own nearly 5,000,000 acres of land over which they have full control, in a country like Great Britain where land hunger is so severely felt, it is idle either to talk of getting back to the land or giving independence in the rural districts to the laborers who are already there. To sum up the change which must be made and the recommendations which ought to be carried out by any British government, intending to tackle the problem of unemployment, we venture to predict that the first and possibly the most important step will be to place in the hands of one Minister responsibility for the whole question. At the present moment, the Local Government Board, the Board of Trade, the Board of Agriculture, and to some extent the Board of Education, are all responsible for some aspect of the problem.

The Local Government Board has charge of the central employed fund of £200,000, administers the Unemployed Workmen's Act of 1905, and controls the distress committees which have been set us as a result of that Act. It also indirectly controls the farm colonies in connection with certain distress committees, for example, Hollesley Bay, and the West Ham Colony, by virtue of the fact that the greater portion of the maintenance fund is contributed by the Board. The Board of Trade, on the other hand, is responsible for the newly created Labor Exchanges and also for the measure dealing with Insurance against Unemployment, which is shortly to be introduced. To the Board of Trade may also fall the task of devising an Invalidity Pension Scheme. The special work of the Board of Agriculture, so far as it bears on unemployment, takes the shape of placing Crown lands at the disposal of the government for small holdings and for afforestation purposes. It has been suggested that the Board of Agriculture should systematically encourage the settlement of small holdings near

the labor colonies of men who have been trained and as

sisted in those colonies.

It will be seen that some unification or coördination of the work carried on by these three departments is necessary, and if the question of casual labor is to be thoroughly dealt with, it will be necessary that the Board of Education should be in close touch, with a view to raising the school age and providing such technical or trade instruction as will safeguard the interests of the boys who enter upon "blindalley" occupations. The duty of organizing the national labor market ought, however, in our opinion, to be placed upon the shoulders of one minister and his department should include the Labor Exchanges, the work of insurance, emigration, and the control of a graded system of labor farm colonies, whereby those who are unable to get occupation in the ordinary channels of industry, may be maintained and trained with a view either to emigration or to agricultural pursuits in Great Britain, or to special government works such as afforestation and land reclamation. It is upon some such lines that the Liberal government hopes to proceed. The growth of public opinion in favor of such action has been astonishing, and the time has now arrived when it will be possible to deal in a thorough and statesman-like fashion with this perplexing and complicated problem.

T is a sunny day in an English autumn. You are in

I Wiltshire climbing the long, gentle slope from Ames

bury to Stonehenge in pursuit of the mysterious stone circle of Salisbury Plain. Higher and higher rises the white road, till at the final crest of the hill the whole wonderful scene stretches out before you; not a flat, desolate plain as you had imagined, but a vast rolling prairie, dropping gently into a valley, then rising with a superb sweep up the slopes of the encircling hills. The trees have withdrawn to the horizon. The long, tawny grass ripples in the soft breeze. As you follow the road which stretches away like a white band down into the hollow and up again, absolute silence reigns. Not a living creature is in sight. Not a bird note is sounded. Just ahead of you silhouetted against the sky stand the huge stones, old gray monarchs that "have kept watch o'er man's mortality," still holding their places erect, preserving their ancient Circle, though many of their comrades have fallen prostrate. Oddly enough, only a stone's throw away a belated airship has dropped down for anchorage! What a strange juxtaposition, the stone age and the air age confronting each other after unnumbered centuries. No wonder the unknown

*This is the fourth article in the series on "English Cathedrals." "Canterbury" appeared in the September issue of THE CHAUTAUQUAN, "Ely" in October, and "Westminster Abbey" in November.

builders of the stone age selected such a spot for their rites of worship or of burial, with the stillness and the sense of infinity all about them.

"What though in solemn silence all

Move round this dark terrestrial ball."

Did some memory of the deep silences of Stonehenge linger with Addison when he wrote these lines? For some of his schoolboy days were passed in Amesbury and he must have been familiar with a spot whose mystery would appeal to a sensitive nature.

As you turn back and again cross the distant hilltop the tip of Salisbury's Cathedral spire suddenly comes into view peering over the far off horizon like a watchful monitor. For nearly six centuries the spire, insistently pointing upward, has silently noted the passing of events. Armies have marched to and fro over the neighboring downs. Early Parliaments twice found their way to Salisbury. Royalist and Roundhead alternately held the city during the civil wars and the Prince of Orange entered it triumphantly in 1688.

But at "Old Sarum" the Cathedral had a unique record of still greater antiquity far antedating that of its present building, and it is with due reverence that you linger on the way back to Salisbury to explore the huge deserted mound once an ancient citadel, Sorbiodunum of the Roman, Searobrig, "the dry city," of the Saxon, Sarisberie of the Domesday Survey, and now merely an earthly paradise for the archaeologist. Excavations have already brought to light the apartments of a Norman castle below which undoubtedly lie Roman remains and beneath these probably traces of previous residents, for the site is a commanding one and the immense outer earthworks point to pre-Roman times. Below the Castle itself but within the deep outer moat and the encircling barrier lay the ancient city with its Norman cathedral. The church still awaits the spade of the excavator, but in the exceptionally dry