which impeded the work of your antecedents are being removed while the machinery of collaboration is enhanced. It is the difference between the past and future opportunities—of the stage coach and the limited express.

Perfection of method is a work which calls for the earliest and devoutest service of the true student. Systemizing has been displaced by specializing in altogether too great a degree, and about specialism is growing a shell which gives promise of a hardness and impenetrability which will put the clam to shame. It is the soft shell that should be nurtured and propagated, without discouraging proper classification of inquiry. The technique of modern science has become so enormous that the span of life and human capacity limit the individual student more and more as progression is made. Therefore systematic classification is not only a necessity, but is a science per se. How shall study effect the greatest results in a given time, is a question worthy of more attention than it has yet received.

Next to classification and scientific division of labor in this broad field for investigation, we must perfect association of effort and stimulate co-operation in a greater measure than now exists. It is painful to see the high fences which our more exclusive neighbors in psychological work surround themselves with and—although they may assert that they welcome all honest inquirers to their airing ground-it is not encouraging for the psychiatrist to sit under the collegiate psychologist and hear that phenomena of morbid mentality are among the elements which constitute the undercurrent of psychology, which psychologists proper have pigeon-holed as not reliable bases for their theories or laws. If we are in the undercurrent we are not content to be under-studies. The consequence is that but two active members of our Association are members of the national organization of psychologists. Still we are concerned in the precise functions of life which our more didactic brother seekers after truth submit their total energy in attempting to demonstrate, except that ours deals more with the morbid deviation of function, and bears a closer relation to psycho-physics. We have the fearful practical scope of psychics. They may remain undisturbed in their laboratories, engaged in their chiefly subjective and theoretical inquiries. With us indifference and romance and theory alike disappear in the active, hostile contention with

the forces of fact. We have no opportunity to lull ourselves in agreeable fancy or illusion, for what we know and what we believe are constantly exposed to severe tests, and we are judged by them. But after all, our tests are abiding, and the results are not wafted from one point to another by wind of doctrine. It is to psychiatry rather than to psychology that metaphysical alliance with the most inhuman treatment of stricken mankind the world has ever known was destroyed by a grand revolution, which in all the previous ages of the world's history has had no parallel.

Too much effort is expended in attempting to define the particular field of the respective sciences, and in defending the scope of each one from the intrusion of others.. This is especially true of psychology, and it is best shown in the exclusion of morbid mental phenomena in the psychological schools. The danger of such a course has been shown by the upset of many psychological laws by clinical observation. Yet it is attempted to bring physics and psychology together-two extremes as wide as the poles. The unity of science is therefore an object to hope for, and to be urged by every earnest student. The field of psychology has been broadened as much by the study of morbid phenomena as of normal function. Take, for example, our present theory of consciousness; it owes the greater debt to psychopathology. This criticism applies to other sciences, and unfortunately in all there has been too great an effort towards specialism, in recent years, and too strictly defined boundaries. Communism of sciences will be, I believe, a condition of the perfected civilization which we are progressively nearing. The psychiatrist is not free from blame, as may be shown by the superficial knowledge of psychic experimentation and progress held by the mass of alienists. They are attracted and held by the practical in their work, and it is doubtful whether a tithe of the psychiatric profession of to-day could pass the examination in psychology required of undergraduates in our colleges. Here the great Kræpelin sets us a bright example, in keeping en rapport with and assisting in current psychic experimentation, as shown by the admirable and precise method of determining fatigue devised by him and quite generally accepted on the continent.

The speaker has no intention of exhibiting any peevish complaint of scientists who desire to devote themselves to science

for its sake alone. The end of science is to enhance the welfare of mankind, and this, it is maintained, requires affiliation and co-operation, and not exclusion of allies. There are some notable exceptions, however, which are gloriously represented by Kræpelin and his disciples. It is from such men that we look for axioms to replace theories, and receive from them inspiration as well as progress, in the union of psychology and psychopathology. It is the professed aim of this foremost living psychiatrist to adapt the methods of experimental psychology, as carried on in modern laboratories, to useful methods of diagnosis in insanity and to pathological investigation. It is to such methods and to such efforts we must look for future progress in the science we have embraced, and for a development of psychiatry into an exact science. In this connection I think you will admit that one great defect in the teaching of psychiatry is the failure to recognize or require the preliminary qualification of a course in and a knowledge of at least the fundamental facts of normal psychology-of mental science. It holds the same relation to psychopathology as physiology does to pathology; and if not, why not?

It is often charged against our special branch of medicine that in many respects we have made no advance in the last hundred years. A representative journal recently stated that "our knowledge of the essential nature of insanity, of the causes which foster and produce it, of the means by which it might be prevented and cured, is scarcely greater now than it was a hundred years ago." This shows crass ignorance, but is it a general public opinion? If so, then it is high time that the public should be enlightened. The reference doubtless is to the scientific side of the subject, for none are blind to the fact that the personal care and treatment of the insane has been revolutionized nearly within the nineteenth century. The profession at large believes and boldly declares that we have no pathology of insanity and that we have no systematic treatment based on pathology, but that our treatment is purely empirical, thus comparing psychiatry unfavorably with the other divisions of medicine. We must admit the fact that we have no pathology of insanity as a whole, taking in all forms and all degrees, but the most perverse pessimist must admit that the century has done for insanity in its practical aspect what the previous millenium failed to do. It has

been established that insanity is primarily and essentially a disease of the body or rather a manifestation of such disease; that mind function has a physical basis; that the mental phenomena known as insanity is therefore a physical disorder. It has been further demonstrated what the structural changes are in some forms of insanity; not wholly, perfectly, and beyond cavil, perhaps, but what organic disease has its pathology securely and unmistakably established? The trouble is that the profession at large will not recognize that psychiatry covers the proliferation of all other diseases and therefore has not and never can have a definite pathology of its own. That insanity after all is but the manifestation of disease and not the disease itself. Our symptomatic classification is largely to blame for this, I believe. We have discovered many facts in mental pathology and we are able to base treatment upon them such as they are. As insanity arises from many general diseases so the pathology of those diseases belongs to psychiatry and becomes a part of psychopathology. More than that, if general pathology becomes a part of the pathology of insanity, then why should treatment based upon it be called empirical? It certainly cannot. Take for instance all the reflex insanities. The basic irritation is successfully treated, and the mental symptoms disappear. Or take the vast proportion of psychoses dependent upon nutritional defect. Are these empirically treated? As a matter of fact we are not understood by our brethren in the large pasture field, and they do not appreciate that we also came from there, and are using their experiences exactly as we did before we were segregated in the small corner lot.

Psychopathology differs from general or other special pathology in the complexity of the functions involved. It is quite impossible to ignore psychology in the relations of function and brain anatomy. Although there have been some brilliant discoveries in the physiology of the motor parts of the cortex, still, with all the demonstration, the foundation of the pathology of motor and sensory disorder is theoretical and will remain so until psychology becomes an invariable element in its study. Granting all the separateness of the higher and lower brain functions that has been claimed for them physiologically, when it comes to diseased structure the distinction is impaired. The same arterial supply feeds the higher and lower structure.

Take paralytic dementia as an example. The incipient symptoms may be motor or psychic or both. In either case the involvement of the cortex as a whole is assumed. The pathology of delusions and hallucinations can certainly not precede the location and physiology of the several sensory functions. No reflection can be made on psychiatry for not anticipating the physiologist.

We contend, from a proper view-point, that psychiatry and psychopathology are not laggards, but are fully up and abreast with their allied sciences. What is the structural characteristic of predisposition to the psychoses? Is this not a proper inquiry to place before the physiological psychologist, and is it not a more reasonable query than that demand of the psychiatrist from the profession at large for a definite pathology of insanity? We claim that when the so-called higher psychologists can demonstrate some anatomical basis for psychic idiosyncrasies to the busy workers in practical benevolence and science, represented by this Association, it will soon follow that the unassuming undercurrent of psychics, known popularly as "mad doctors," will show the pathological relation which the physical causes of insanity involving circulatory disorders, retarded metabolism, auto-intoxication, etc., hold to it. A noted psychopathologist recently stated to me that the greatest difficulty he experienced was the unreliability of the fundamental data which belonged to the field of physiology; that as no safe starting point could be found on the road, it was necessary to start from the beginning. Whether this be a fact or fancied grievance, it is nevertheless true, that no physiological truth has been demonstrated, but it was shortly followed by corresponding pathological data-speaking of the brain and its higher functions.

All attempts thus far to found psychiatry upon an anatomical basis have either led to failure, or have ended in some theory which has found but little favor as yet. From Meynert's day to the present there have been constant efforts to give anatomical explanations to the psychic functions, which have resulted in some ingenious theories but none have thus far been susceptible of demonstration. Improvement in technique has opened new histological fields of work, and it is not at all fanciful to hope for a demonstration of thought-action in the early part of the century. The scientific mind is skeptical and not inclined to