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beggars, is justified by the frequent detection of their | but such as admit its authority: the tenets of repus falsehood; The atheist has not found his post tenable, licans, levellers, and freethinkers, have been unblushand is therefore retired into deism, and a disbelief of ingly maintained both in publick and private. revealed religion only.'-ADDISON. Our Saviour had compassion on Thomas for his unbelief, and gave him such evidences of his identity, as dissipated every doubt; The opposites to faith are unbelief and credulity.'-TILLOTSON.

TENET, POSITION.

DOCTRINE, PRECEPT, PRINCIPLE. Doctrine, in French doctrine, Latin doctrina, from doceo to teach, signifies the thing taught; precept, from the Latin præcipio, signifies the thing laid down; and principle, in French principe, Latin principium, signifies the beginning of things, that is, their first or origi-sion of Luther's being first disgusted with the tenets nal component parts.

an illustrator.

The doctrine requires a teacher; the precept requires a superiour with authority; the principle requires only The doctrine is always framed by some oue; the precept is enjoined or laid down by some one; the principle lies in the thing itself. The doctrine is composed of principles, the precept rests upon principles or doctrines. Pythagoras taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and enjoined many precepts on his disciples for the regulation of their conduct, particularly that they should abstain from eating animal food, and be only silent hearers for the first five years of their scholarship: the former of these rules depended upon the preceding doctrine of the soul's transmigration to the bodies of animals; the latter rested on that simple principle of education, the entire

devotion of the scholar to the master.

We are said to believe in doctrines; to obey precepts; to imbibe or hold principles. The doctrine is that which enters into the composition of our faith; To make new articles of faith and doctrine no man thinketh it lawful; new laws of government what church or commonwealth is there which maketh not either at one time or other.'-HOOKER. This sediious, unconstitutional doctrine of electing kings is now publickly taught, avowed, and printed.'-BURKE. The precept is that which is recommended for practice; Pythagoras's first rule directs us to worship the gods, as is ordained by law, for that is the most natural interpretation of the precept.'-ADDISON. Both are the subjects of rational assent, and suited only to the matured understanding: principles are often admitted without examination; and imbibed as frequently from observation and circumstances, as from any direct personal efforts; children as well as men get principles; If we had the whole history of zeal, from the days of Cain to our times, we should see it filled with so many scenes of slaughter and bloodshed, as would make a wise man very careful not to suffer himself to be actuated by such a principle, when it regards matters of opinion and speculation.'-ADDISON.

DOCTRINE, DOGMA, TENET.

The doctrine (v. Doctrine) originates with the individual who teaches, in application to ali subjects; the doctrine is whatever is taught or recommended to the belief of others; the dogma, from the Greek coya and doxéw to think, signifies the thing thought, admitted, or taken for granted; this lies with a body or number of individuals; the tenet, from the Latin teneo to hold or maintain, signifies the thing held or maintained, and is a species of principle (v. Doctrine specifically maintained in matters of opinion by persons in general. The doctrine rests on the authority of the individual by whom it is framed;

Unpractis'd he to fawn or seek for power
By doctrines fashion'd to the varying hour;
Far other aims his heart had learn'd to prize,
More skill'd to raise the wretch'd, than to rise.
GOLDSMITH.

The dogma rests on the authority of the body by whom it is maintained; 'Our poet was a stoick philosopher, and all his moral sentences are drawn from the dogmas of that sect.'-DRYDEN. The tenet rests on its own intrinsick merits or demerits; One of the puritanical tenets was the illegality of all games of chance JOHNSON. Many of the doctrines of our blessed Saviour are held by faith in him; they are subjects of persuasion by the exercise of our rational powers: the gmas of the Romish church are admitted by none

The tenet (v. Doctrine) is the opinion which we hold in our own minds; the position is that which we lay down for others. Our tenets may be hurtful, our positions false. He who gives up his tenets readily evinces an unstable mind; he who argues on a false position shows more tenacity and subtlety than good sense. The tenets of the different denominations of Christians are scarcely to be known or distinguished; they often rest upon such trivial points; The occaof the Romish church, is known to every one, the least conversant with history.'-ROBERTSON. positions which an author lays down must be very definite and clear when he wishes to build upon them any theory or system; "To the position of Tully, that if virtue could be seen, she must be loved, may be added, that if truth could be heard, she must be obeyed.'-JOHNSON.

THEORY, SPECULATION.

The

Theory, from the Greek Ocáopal to behold, and specu lation, from the Latin speculor to watch for or espy, are both employed to express what is seen with the mind's eye. Theory is the fruit of reflection, it serves the purposes of science; practice will be incomplete when the theory is false;

True piety without cessation tost

By theories, the practice past is lost.-DENHAM. Speculation belongs more to the imagination; it has therefore less to do with realities: it is that which cannot be reduced to practice, and can therefore never be brought to the test of experience; In all these things being fully persuaded that what they did, it was obedience to the will of God, and that all men should do the like; there remained after speculation practice whereunto the whole world might be framed.'HOOKER. Hence it arises that theory is contrasted sometimes with the practice to designate its insufficiency to render a man complete;

True Christianity depends on fact, Religion is not theory, but act.-HARTE. And speculation is put for that which is fanciful or unreal; This is a consideration not to be neglected or thought an indifferent matter of mere speculation.

LESLIE.

A general who is so only in theory will acquit himself miserably in the field; a religionist who is only so in speculation will make a wretched Christian.

OPINION, SENTIMENT, NOTION. Opinion, in Latin opinio from opinor, and the Greek vow, to think or judge, is the work of the head; sentiment, from sentio to feel, is the work of the heart; notion (vide Perception) is a simple operation of the thinking faculty.

We form opinions: we have sentiments: we get notions. Opinions are formed on speculative matters; they are the result of reading, experience, or reflec tion: sentiments are entertained on matters of practice; they are the consequence of habits and circumstances: notions are gathered upon sensible objects, and arise out of the casualties of hearing and seeing. We have opinions on religion as respects its doctrines; we have sentiments on religion as respects its practice and its precepts. The unity of the Godhead in the general sense, and the doctrine of the Trinity in the particular sense, are opinions; honour and gratitude towards the Deity, the sense of our dependence upon him, and obligations to him, are sentiments.

Opinions are more liable to errour than sentiments: the former depend upon knowledge, and must therefore be inaccurate; the latter depend rather upon instinct, and a well organized frame of mind; Time wears out the fictions of opinion, and doth by degrees discover and unmask that fallacy of ungrounded persuasions, but confirms the dictates and sentiments of nature.'-WILKINS. Notions are still more liable to errour than either; they are the immatured decisions of

the uninformed mind on the appearances of things; There is nothing made a more common subject of discourse than nature and its laws, and yet few agree in their notions about these words.'-CHEYNE.

The difference of opinion aniong men, on the most important questions of human life, is a sufficient evidence that the mind of man is very easily led astray in matters of opinion; No, cousin, (said Henry IV. when charged by the Duke of Bouillon with having changed his religion) I have changed no religion, but an opinion.'-HOWEL. Whatever difference of opinion there may be among Christians, there is but one sentiment of love and good-will among those who follow the example of Christ, rather than their own passions; There are never great numbers in any nation who can raise a pleasing discourse from their own stock of sentiments and images.'-JOHNSON. The notions of a Deity are so imperfect among savages in general, that they seem to amount to little more than an indistinct idea of some superiour invisible agent; Being we are at this time to speak of the proper notion of the church, therefore I shall not look upon it as ❤ny more than the sons of men.'-PEARSON.

DEITY, DIVINITY.

Deity, from Deus a God, signifies a divine person.
Divinity, from divinus, signifies the divine essence or
power: the deities of the heathens had little of divi-
mity in them; The first original of the drama was
religious worship, consisting only of a chorus, which
was nothing else but a hymn to a Deity.'-ADDISON.
The divinity of our Saviour is a fundamental article in
the Christian faith;
Why shrinks the soul

Back on herself, and startles at destruction?
'Tis the divinity that stirs within us.—ADDISON.

CELESTIAL, HEAVENLY.

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whence it has been employed to designate the action
of doing suitable homage to the object which has worth
and, by a just distinction, of paying homage to our
Maker by religious rites.

heart towards a Superiour Being, in which we ac-
Adoration, strictly speaking, is the service of the
knowledge our dependence and obedience, by petition
and thanksgiving: worship consists in the outward
form of showing reverence to some supposed superiour
being. Adoration can with propriety be paid only to
the one true God; 'Menander says, that "God, the
Lord and Father of all things, is alone worthy of our
humble adoration, being at once the maker and giver
of all blessings."-CUMBERLAND. But worship is
offered by heathens to stocks and stones;
By reason, man a Godhead can discern,
But how he should be worship'd cannot learn.

DRYDEN.

places, whenever the heart is lifted up towards him; We may adore our Maker at all times and in all but we worship him only at stated times, and according to certain rules; 'Solemn and serviceable worship we name, for distinction sake,whatsoever belongeth to the church or publick society of God, by way of external adoration.'-HOOKER. Outward signs are but ship there is often nothing existing but the outward secondary in the act of adoration; and in divine worforin. We seldom adore without worshipping; but we too frequently worship without adoring.

TO ADORE, REVERENCE, VENERATE,
REVERE.

Adoration has been before considered only in relation to our Maker; it is here employed in an improper and extended application to express, in the strongest possible manner, the devotion of the mind towards sensible objects: Reverence, in Latin reverentia, reverence or awe, implies to show reverence, from sig-ratus, participle of veneror, probably from venere revereor, to stand in awe of: Venerate, in Latin venebeauty, signifying to hold in very high esteem for its superiour qualities: revere is another form of the same

Celestial and heavenly derive their difference in nification from their different origin: they both literally imply belonging to heaven; but the former, from the Latin cælestum, signifies belonging to the heaven of heathens; the latter, which has its origin among believers in the true God, has acquired a superiour sense, in regard to heaven as the habitation of the Almighty. This distinction is pretty faithfully observed in their application: celestial is applied mostly in the natural sense of the heavens; heavenly is employed more commonly in a spiritual sense. Hence we speak of the destial globe as distinguished from the terrestrial, of he celestial bodies, of Olympus as the celestial abode Jupiter, of the celestial deities;

Twice warn'd by the celestial messenger,
The pious prince arose, with hasty fear.-DRyden.
Unhappy son! (fair Thetis thus replies,

While tears celestial trickle from her eyea.)-Pore. But on the other hand, of the heavenly habitation, of heavenly joys or bliss, of heavenly spirits and the like. There are doubtless many cases in which celestial may be used for heavenly in the moral sense;

Thus having said, the hero bound his brows
With leafy branches, then perform'd his vows;
Adoring first the genius of the place,

Then Earth, the mother of the heavenly race.
DRYDEN.

But there are cases in which heavenly cannot so pro-
perly be substituted by celestial; As the love of hea-
ven makes one heavenly, the love of virtue virtuous,
so doth the love of the world make one become
worldly.'-SIDNEY. Heavenly is frequently employed
in the sense of superexcellent;

But now he seiz'd Briseis' heav'nly charms,
And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms.-POPE.
The poets have also availed themselves of the license
to use celestial in a similar sense, as occasion might

serve.

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verb.

tion of superiority in a being, whether of the Supreme Reverence is equally engendered by the contemplaBeing, as our Creator, or any earthly being as our much as it has a mixture of fear arising from the conparent. It differs, however, from adoration, in as tion for favours received; The fear acceptable to sciousness of weakness and dependence, or of obligaGod, is a filial fear, an awful reverence of the Divine Nature, proceeding from a just esteem for his perfections, which produces in us an inclination to his service, and an unwillingness to offend him.'-ROGERS.

To revere and venerate are applied only to human beings, and that not so much from the relation we stand in to them, as from their characters and endow ments; on which account these two latter terms are

applicable to inanimate as well as animate objects.

requires no external form of expression; it is best
Adoration in this case, as in the former, essentially
expressed by the devotion of the individual to the
service of him whom he adores; "There is no end
of his greatness." The most exalted creature he has
made is only capable of adoring it; none but himself
can comprehend it.'-ADDISON.
Maker is altogether an inward feeling; but reverencing
Reverencing our
sentiments by our deportment towards them;
our parents includes in it an outward expression of our

The war protracted, and the siege delay'd,
Were due to Hector's and this hero's hand,
Both brave alike, and equal in command;
Eneas, not inferiour in the field,

In pious reverence to the gods excell'd.-DRYDEN Revering and venerating are confined to the breast of the individual, but they may sometimes display them selves in suitable acts of homage.

Good princes are frequently adored by their subjects: it is a part of the Christian character to reverence our spiritual pastors and masters, as well as all temporal creases our veneration for the good, and extenuates authorities; It seems to be remarkable that death inour hatred of the bad.'-JOHNSON. We ought to venerate all truly good men while living, and to revere their memories when they are dead:

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Offering, from offer, and oblation, from oblatio and oblatus or oflatus, come both from offero (v. To offer) the former is however a term of much more general and familiar use than the latter. Offerings are both inoral and religious; oblation, in the proper sense, is religious only; the money which is put into the sacramental plate is an offering; the consecrated bread and wine at the sacrament is an oblation. The offering, in a religious sense, is whatever one offers as a gift by way of reverence to a superiour;

They are polluted offerings, more abhorr'd
Than spotted livers in the sacrifice.

SHAKSPEARE. The winds to heav'n the curling vapours bore, Ungrateful of ring to the immortal pow'rs, Whose wrath hung heavy o'er the Trojan tow'rs.

POPE.

The oblation is the offering which is accompanied with some particular ceremony; Many conceive in the oblation of Jephtha's daughter, not a natural but a civil kind of death.'-BROWN. The wise men made an offering to our Saviour; but not properly an oblation; the Jewish sacrifices, as in general all religious The sacrifices, were in the proper sense oblations. term oblation, in a figurative sense, may be as generally applied as offering;

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Ye mighty princes, your oblations bring,
And pay due honours to your awful king-PITT.
The kind oblation of a falling tear.-DRYDEN.

MALEDICTION, CURSE, IMPRECATION, EXECRATION, ANATHEMA.

Malediction, from male and dico, signifies a saying ill, that is, declaring an evil wish against a person: curse, in Saxon kursian, comes in all probability from the Greek kupów, to sanction or ratify, signifying a bad wish declared upon oath, or in a soleinn manner; im precation, from im and preco, signifies a praying down evil upon a person: execration, from the Latin exeeror, that is, sacris excludere, signifies the same as to excommunicate, with every form of solemn impreca tion: anathema, in Greek ává0cua, signifies a setting out, that is, a putting out of a religious community by way of penance.

The malediction is the most indefinite and general term, signifying simply the declaration of evil: curse is a solemn denunciation of evil: the former is employed mostly by men; the latter by God or man: the rest are species of the curse pronounced only by man. The malediction is caused by simple anger: the curse is occasioned by some grievous offence: men, in the heat of their passions, will utter maledictions against any object that offends them; With many praises of his good play, and many maledictions on the power of chance, he took up the cards and threw them in the fire.'-MACKENZIE. God pronounced a curse upon Adam, and all his posterity, after the fall;

But know, that ere your promis'd walls you build, My curses shall severely be fulfill'd.-DRYDEN. The curse differs in the degree of evil pronounced or wished; the imprecation and execration always imply some positive great evil, and, in fact, as much evil as can be conceived by man in his anger; 'Thus either host their imprecations join'd.'-Pore. The anathema respects the evil which is pronounced according to the canon law, by which a man is not only put out of the church, but held up as an object of offence. The malediction is altogether an unallowed expression of private resentment; the curse was admitted, in some cases, according to the Mosaic law; and that, as well as the anathema, at one time formed a part of the ecclesiastical discipline of the Christian church; The bare anathemas of the church fall like so many bruta fulmina upon the obstinate and schismatical.'-SOUTH. The imprecation formed a part of the heathenish ceremony of religion, whereby they

invoked the Dire to bring down every evil on the heads of their enemies. They had different formulas of speech for different occasions, as to an enemy on his departure; Abeas nunquam rediturus.' Mela informs us that the Abrantes, a people of Africa, used to salute the rising and setting sun after this manner.

The execration is always the informal expression of the most violent personal anger; 'I have seen in Bedlam a man that has held up his face in a posture of adoration towards heaven to utter execrations and blasphemies.'-STEELE.

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The word temple, therefore, strictly signifies a spacious open place set apart for the peculiar presence and worship of the Divine Being, and is applied with peculiar propriety to the sacred edifices of the Jews.

Church, which, through the medium of the Saxon circe, cyric, and the German kirche, is derived from the Greek kuplards, signifying literally what belonged to kúptos, the Lord; whence it became a word among the earliest Christians for the Lord's Supper, the Lord's day, the Lord's house, and also for an assembly of the faithful, and is still used in the two latter meanings; That churches were consecrated unto none but the Lord only, the very general name chiefly doth sufficiently show; church doth signify no other thing than the Lord's house.'-HOOKER. The church being a supernatural society, doth differ from natural so cieties in this; that the persons unto whom we associate ourselves in the one, are men simply considered as men; but they to whom we be joined in the other, are God, angels, and holy men.'-HOOKER. The word church, having acquired a specifick meaning, is never used by the poets, or in a general application like the word temple; Here we have no temple but the wood, no assembly but horn-beasts.'-SHAKSPEARE. On the other hand, it has a diversity of particular meanings; being taken sometimes in the sense of the ecclesiastical power in distinction from the state, sometimes for holy orders, &c.

TO DEDICATE, DEVOTE, CONSECRATE, HALLOW.

Dedicate, in Latin dedicatus, participle from de and dico, signifies to set apart by a promise; devote, in Latin devotus, participle from devoveo, signifies to vow for an express purpose; consecrate, in Latin consecratus, from consecro or con and sacro, signifies to make sacred by a special act; hallow from holy, or the German heilig, signifies to make holy.

There is something more positive in the act of dedicating than in that of devoting; but less so than in that of consecrating.

To dedicate and devote may be employed in both temporal and spiritual matters; to consecrate and hallow only in the spiritual sense: we may dedicate or devote any thing that is at our disposal to the service

of some object; but the former is employed mostly in
regard to superiours, and the latter to persons without
distinction of rank: we dedicate a house to the service
of God;

Warn'd by the seer, to her offended name
We raise and dedicate this wond'rous frame.

DRYDEN.
Or we devote our time to the benefit of our friends, or
the relief of the poor; Gilbert West settled himself
in a very pleasant house at Wickham in Kent, where
he devoted himself to piety.'-JOHNSON.
dedicate or devote ourselves to an object; but the former
We may
always implies a solemn setting apart, springing from a
sense of duty; the latter an entire application of one's
self from zeal and affection; in this manner he who
dedicates himself to God abstracts himself from every
object which is not immediately connected with the
service of God; he who devotes himself to the ministry
pursues it as the first object of his attention and regard:
such a dedication of ourself is hardly consistent with
our other duties as members of society; but a devotion
of one's powers, one's time, and one's knowledge to
the spread of religion among men is one of the most
honourable and sacred kinds of devotion.

To consecrate is a species of formal dedication by virtue of a religious observance; it is applicable mostly to places and things connected with religious works; • The greatest conqueror in this holy nation did not only compose the words of his divine odes, but generally set them to musick himself; after which his works, though they were consecrated to the tabernacle, became the national entertainment.'-ADDISON. Hallow is a species of informal consecration applied to the same bjects: the church is consecrated; particular days are allowed;

Without the walls a ruin'd temple stands,
To Ceres hallowed once.-DRYDEN.

FORM, CEREMONY, RITE, OBSERVANCE. Form in nis sense respects the form or manner or the action; ceremony, in Latin ceremonia, is supposed to signify the rites of Ceres; rite, in Latin ritus, is probably changed from ratus, signifying a custom that s esteemed; observance signifies the thing observed. All these terms are employed with regard to particular modes of action in civil society. Form is here the most general in its sense and application; ceremony, rite, and observance are particular kinds of form, Fuited to particular occasions. Form, in its distinct application, respects all modes of acting and speaking, that are adopted by society at large, in every transac tion of life; ceremony respects those forms of outward behaviour which are made the expressions of respect and deference; rite and observance are applied to national ceremonies in matters of religion. form is requisite for the sake of order, method, and A certain decorum, in every social matter, whether in affairs of state, in a court of law, in a place of worship, or in the private intercourse of friends. So long as distinctions are admitted in society, and men are agreed to express their sentiments of regard and respect to each other, it will be necessary to preserve the ceremonics of politeness which have been established. Every country has adopted certain rites founded upon its peculiar religious faith, and prescribed certain observances by which individuals could make a publick profession of their faith. Administering oaths by the magistrate is a necessary form in law; 'A long table and a square table, or seat about the walls, seem things of form, but are things of substance; for at a long table, a few at the upper end, in effect, sway all the business; but in the other form, there is more use of the counsellors' opinions that sit lower.'-BACON. Kissing the king's hand a ceremony practised at court;

And what have kings that privates have not too,
Save ceremony?-SHAKSPEARE.

Baptism is one rite of initiation into the Christian church, and confirmation another; prayer, reading the Scriptures, and preaching are different religious observances.

As respects religion, the form is the established practice, comprehending the rite, ceremony, and observance, but the word is mostly applied to that which is external, and suited for a community; He who affirmeth

83

speech to be necessary among all men throughout th world doth not thereby import that all men inust necessarily speak one language; even so the necessity of polity and regimen in all churches may be held without holding any one certain form to be necessary in them all.'-HOOKER. The ceremony may be said either of an individual or a community; the rite is perly of the individual either in publick or private. said only of a community; the observance, more proThe ceremony of kneeling during the time of prayer is the most becoming posture for a suppliant, whether in publick or private;

Bring her up to the high altar, that she may The discipline of a Christian church consists in its rites, The sacred ceremonies there partake.-SPENSER to which every member, either as a layman or a priest, is obliged to conform;

Live thou to mourn thy love's unhappy fate, To bear my mangled body from the foe, Or buy it back, and fun'ral rites bestow.-DRYDEN. Publick worship is an observance which no Christian thinks himself at liberty to neglect; Incorporated minds will always feel some inclination towards exte riour acts and ritual observances.'--JOHNSON. nence, in the man who sets at nought any of the estaIt betrays either gross ignorance or wilful impertiblished forms of society, particularly in religious matters; You may discover tribes of men without policy, or laws, or cities, or any of the arts of life; but no where will you find them without some form of reli gion.'-BLAIR. When ceremonies are too numerous, they destroy the ease of social intercourse; but the absence of ceremony destroys all decency; 'Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them again, and so diminish respect to himself.'-BACON. In publick worship the excess of ceremony is apt to extinguish the warmth and spirit of devotion; but the want of ceremony deprives it of all solemnity.

LORD'S SUPPER, EUCHARIST, COMMUNION,
SACRAMENT.

use among Christians, as designating in literal ternis
The Lord's supper is a term of familiar and general
supper which he took with his disciples previous to hi
the supper of our Lord; that is, either the last solemn
crucifixion, or the commemoration of that event which
conformably to his commands has been observed by
the professors of Christianity; To the worthy parti
cipation of the Lord's supper, there is indispensably
required a suitable preparation.'-SOUTH. Eucharist
from the Greek uxaow to give thanks, because per-
is a term of peculiar use among the Roman Catholicks,
sonal adoration, by way of returning thanks, consti-
tutes in their estimation the chief part of the cere
perly both to marriage and to the eucharist, as both of
mony; "This ceremony of feasting belongs most pro-
them have the nature of a covenant.'-SOUTH. As
the social affections are kept alive mostly by the com-
mon participation of meals, so is brotherly love, the
essence of Christian fellowship, cherished and warmed
in the highest degree by the common participation in
this holy festival: hence, by distinction, it has been
denominated the communion; 'One woman he could
not bring to the communion, and when he reproved
or exhorted her, she only answered that she was no
scholar.'-JOHNSON. As the vows which are made
at the altar of our Lord are the most solemn which a
Christian can make, comprehending in them the entire
devotion of himself to Christ, the general term serra-
ment, signifying an oath, has been employed by w
of emphasis for this ordinance; I could not have th
consent of the physicians to go to church yesterday;
I therefore received the holy sacrament at home.'-
JOHNSON. The Roman Catholicks have employed
the same term to six other ordinances; but the Pro
testants, who attach a similar degree of sacredness to
no other than baptism, annex this appellation only to

these two.

MARRIAGE, WEDDING, NUPTIALS. ing; wedding and nuptials denote the ceremony of Marriage, from to marry, denotes the act of marry being "rried. from the Latin marito to be joined to a male; hence As marry, in French marrier, comes

marriage comprehends the act of choosing and being legally bound to a inan or a woman: wedding, from wed, and the Teutonick wetten, to promise or betroth, implies the ceremony of marrying, inasmuch as it is binding upon the parties. Nuptials comes from the Latin nubo to veil, because the Roman ladies were veiled at the time of marriage: hence the word has been put for the whole ceremony itself. Marriage is a general term, which conveys no collateral meaning. Marriage is an institution which, by those who have been blessed with the light of Divine revelation, has always been considered as sacred;

O fatal maid! thy marriage is endow'd With Phrygian, Latian, and Rutulian blood. DRYDEN. Wedding has always a reference to the ceremony; with some persons, particularly among the lower orders of society, the day of their wedding is converted into a day of riot and intemperance; Ask any one how he has been employed to-day: he will tell you, perhaps, I have been at the ceremony of taking the manly robe this friend invited me to a wedding; that desired me to attend the hearing of his cause.'-MELMOTH (Letters of Pliny), Nuptials may either be used in a general or particular import; among the Roman Catholicks in England it is a practice for them to have their nuptials solemnized by a priest of their own persuasion as well as by the Protestant clergy

man;

Fir'd with disdain for Turnus dispossess'd,
And the new nuptials of the Trojan guest.-DRYDEN.

MARRIAGE, MATRIMONY, WEDLOCK. Marriage (v. Marriage) is oftener an act than a state; matrimony and wedlock both describe states. "Marriage is taken in the sense of an act, when we speak of the laws of marriage, the day of one's marriage, the congratulations upon one's marriage, a happy or unhappy marriage, &c.; Marriage is rewarded with some honourable distinctions which celibacy is forbidden to usurp.'-JOHNSON. It is taken in the sense of a state, when we speak of the pleasures or pains of marriage; but in this latter case, matrimony, which signifies a married life abstractedly from all agents or acting persons, is preferable; so likewise, to think of matrimony, and to enter into the holy state of matrimony, are expressions founded upon the signification of the term. As matrimony is derived from mater a mother, because married women are in general mothers, it has particular reference to the domestick state of the two parties; broils are but too frequently the fruits of matrimony, yet there are few cases in which they might not be obviated by the good sense of those who are engaged in them. Hasty marriages cannot be expected to produce happiness; young people who are eager for matrimony before they are fully aware of its consequences will purchase their expe: rience at the expense of their peace; As love generally produces matrimony, so it often happens that matrimony produces love.'-SPECTATOR.

That pluck'd my nerves, those tender strings of life, Which, pluck'd a little more, will toll the bell That calls my few friends to my funeral.—YouxG. We speak of the obsequies as the tribute of respect which can be paid to the person of one who was high in station or publick esteem;

His body shall be royally interr'd.
I will, myself,

Be the chief mourner at his obsequies.-DRYDEN The funeral, by its frequency, becomes so familiar an object that it passes by unheeded; the obsequies which are performed over the remains of the great, attract our notice from the pomp and grandeur with which they are conducted. The funeral is performed for. one immediately after his decease; but the obsequies may be perforined at any period afterward, and is this sense is not confined alone to the great; Some in the flow'r-strewn grave the corpse have lay'd And annual obsequies around it paid. JENYNS.

BURIAL, INTERMENT, SEPULTURE. Burial, from bury, in Saxon birian, birigan, Ger man bergen, signifies, in the original sense, to conceal Interment, from inter, compounded of in and terra, signifies the putting into the ground. Sepulture, in French sepulture, Latin sepultura, from sepultus, participle of sepelio to bury, comes from sepes a hedge, signifying an enclosure, and probably likewise from the Hebrew to put to rest, or in a state of privacy.

Under burial is comprehended simply the purpose of the action; under interment and sepulture, the manner as well as the motive of the action. We bury in order to conceal; 'Among our Saxon ancestors, the dead bodies of such as were slain in the field were not laid in graves; but lying upon the ground were covered with turves or clods of earth, and the more in reputation the persons had been, the greater and higher were the turves raised over their bodies. This some used to call biriging, some beorging of the dead; all being one thing though differently pronounced, and from whence we yet retain our speech of burying the dead, that is, hiding the dead.'-VERSTEGAN Interment and sepulture are accompanied with reli gious ceremonies.

*Bury is confined to no object or place; we burg whatever we deposite in the earth, and wherever w please;

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Wedlock is the old English word for matrimony, and is in consequence admitted in law, when one speaks The of children born in wedlock; agreeably to its deriva-minster Abbey; tion it has a reference to the bond of union which follows the marriage: hence one speaks of living hap pily in a state of wedlock, of being joined in holy wedlock; The men who would make good husbands, if they visit publick places, are frighted at wedlock and resolve to live single.'-JOHNSON.

FUNERAL, OBSEQUIES.

Funeral, in Latin funus, is derived from funis a cord, because lighted cords, or torches, were carried before the bodies which were interred by night; the funeral, therefore, denotes the ordinary solemnity which attends the consignment of a body to the grave. Obsequies, in Latin exequie, are both derived from sequor, which, in its compound sense, significs to per form or execute; they comprehend, therefore, funerals attended with more than ordinary solemnity.

We speak of the funeral as the last sad office which we perform for a friend; it is accompanied by nothing but by mourning and sorrow;

His body shall be royally interr'd,
And the last funeral pomps adorn his bearse.

DRYDEN, Burial is a term in familiar use; interment serves frequently as a more elegant expression; But good Æneas ordered on the shore A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore; Thus was his friend interr'd, and deathless fame Still to the lofty cape consigns his name.-DRYDEN. Sepulture is an abstract term confined to particula cases, as in speaking of the rights and privileges of sepulture;

Ah! leave me not for Grecian dogs to tear,
The common rites of sepulture bestow;
To sooth a father's and a mother's wo;
Let their large gifts procure an urn at least,
And Hector's ashes in his country rest-PCPE

* Vide Trussler: "To bury, inter "

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