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prove, that Brutes have no Cogitation, because the highest of them could never be brought to fignify their Thoughts or Conceptions by any artificial Signs, either Words, or Gestures, (which, if they had any, they would, in all likelihood, be forward enough to do) whereas all Men, both Fools and Mutes, make use of Words or other Signs to exprefs their Thoughts, about any Subjects that prefent themselves; which Signs alfo have no reference to any of their Paffions. Whereas the Signs that Brute Animals may be taught to use, are no other than fuch as are the Motions of fome of their Paffions, Fear, Hope, Joy, &c. Hence fome of the Jewish Rabbins did not fo abfurdly define a Man Animal loquens, a fpeaking Creature. Having had occafion just now to mention the Saliva, or Spittle, I am put in mind of the eminent Ufe of this Humour, which is commonly taken for an Excrement. Because a great part of our Food is dry; therefore Nature hath provided several Glandules to feparate this Juice from the Blood, and no less than four Pair of Channels to convey it into the Mouth, which are of late Invention, and called by Anatomists Ductus Salivales, through which the Saliva diftilling continually, ferves well to macerate and temper our Meat, and make it fit to be chewed and swallowed. If a copious Moisture did not, by these Conduit-Pipes, inceffantly flow down into the Mouths of Horfes and Kine, how were it poffible they fhould for a long

time together grind and swallow fuch dry Meat as Hay and Straw? Moreover, it is useful not only in the Mouth, but in the Stomach too, to promote Concoction, as we have already noted.

Sixthly, To the Mouth fucceeds the WindPipe, no lefs wonderful in its Conformation. For because continual Refpiration is neceffary for the Support of our Lives, it is made with annulary Cartilages to keep it conftantly open, and that the Sides of it may not flag and fall together. And left when we fwallow, our Meat or Drink fhould fall in there, and obftruct it, it hath a strong Shut or Valve, called Epiglottis, to cover it clofe, and ftop it when we Iwallow For the more convenient bending of our Necks, it is not made of one entire continued Cartilage, but of many annular ones join'd together by ftrong Membranes, which Membranes are mufcular, compounded of freight and circular Fibres, for the more effectual Contraction of the Wind-Pipe in any ftrong or violent Expiration or Coughing. And left the Afperity or Hardness of these Cartilages fhould hurt the Oefophagus, or Gullet, which is tender, and of a skinny Substance, or hinder the Swallowing of our Meat, therefore these annulary Griftles are not made round, or entire Circles; but where the Gullet touches the Wind-Pipe, there to fill up the Circle, is only a foft Membrane, which may easily give Way to the Dilation of the Gullet. And to demonftrate that this was defignedly done for

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this End and Ufe, fo foon as the Wind-Pipe enters the Lungs, its Cartilages are no longer deficient, but perfect Circles or Rings, because there was no neceffity they fhould be fo, but it was more convenient they fhould be entire. Lastly, For the various Modulation of the Voice, the Upper-end of the Wind-Pipe is endued with feveral Cartilages and Muscles, to contract or dilate it, as we would have our Voice Flat or Sharp; and, moreover, the Whole is continually moiftned with a glutinous Humour, iffuing out of the fmall Glandules that are upon its inner Coat, to fence it against the sharp Air received in, or Breath forced out; yet is it of quick and tender Senfe, that it may be eafily provoked to caft out by Coughing, whatever may fall into it from without, or be discharged into it from within.

It is also very remarkable which Cafpar Bartholine hath obferved in the Gullet, that where it perforateth the Midriff, the carneous Fibres of that Muscular Part are inflected and arcuate, as it were a Spineter embracing and clofing it faft, by a great Providence of Nature, left, in the perpetual Motion of the faid Midriff, the upper Orifice of the Stomach fhould gape, and caft out the Victuals as faft as it received it.

Seventhly, The Heart, which hath been always efteemed, and really is one of the principal Parts of the Body, the primum vivens, & ultimum moriens, the firft Part that quickens, and the laft that dies, by its inceffant Motion

diftri

Part II. diftributing the Blood, the Vehicle of Life, and with it the Vital Heat and Spirits, throughout the whole Body, whereby it doth continually irrigate, nourish, and keep hot, and fupple all the Members. Is it not admirable, that from this Fountain of Life and Heat, there fhould be Channels and Conduit-Pipes, to every, even the least and most remote, Part of the Body? Just as if from one Water-houfe, there fhould be Pipes conveying the Water to every House in a Town, and to every Room in each House; or from one Fountain in a Garden, there fhould be little Channels or Dikes cut to every Bed, and every Plant growing therein, as we have feen more than once done beyond the Seas. I confefs, the Heart feems not to be defigned to fo noble an Ufe as is generally believed, that is, to be the Fountain or Confervatory of the vital Flame, and to infpire the Blood therewith; (for the Lungs ferve rather for the Accenfion, or maintaining that Flame, the Blood receiving there from the Air thofe Particles which are one Part of the Pabulum, or Fewel thereof, and fo impregnated, running back to the Heart) but to ferve as a Machine to receive the Blood from the Veins, and to force it out by the Arteries through the whole Body, as a Syringe doth any Liquor, though not by the fame Artifice: And yet this is no ignoble Ufe, the Continuance of the Circulation of the Blood being indifpenfably neceffary for the quickning and enlivening of all the Members of the Body, and fupplying of Matter to the Brain, for the Preparation of the Animal Spi

rits, the Inftruments of all Senfe and Motion. Now for this Ufe of receiving and pumping out of the Blood, the Heart is admirably contrived. For, First, being a Muscular Part, the Sides of it are compos'd of two Orders of Fibres, running circularly or fpirally from Base to Tip, contrarily one to the other, and fo being drawn or contracted contrary-ways, do violently conftringe and straiten the Ventricles, and strongly force out the Blood, as we have formerly intimated. Then the Veffels we call Arteries, which carry from the Heart to the fe veral Parts, have Valves which open outwards like Trap-doors, and give the Blood a free Paffage out of the Heart, but will not fuffer it to return back again thither; and the Veins, which bring it back from the feveral Members to the Heart, have Valves or Trap-doors which open inwards, fo as to give way unto the Blood to run into the Heart, but prevent it from running back again that way. Befides, the Arteries confift of a quadruple Coat, the Third of which is made up of Annular or Orbicular carneous Fibres to a good Thickness, and is of a Mufcular Nature, after every Pulfe of the Heart, ferving to contract the Veffel fucceffively with incredible Celerity; fo by a kind of periftaltick Motion, impelling the Blood onwards to the capillary Extremities, and through the Muscles, with great Force and Swiftnefs. So the Pulfe of the Arteries is not only caufed by the Pulfation of the Heart, driving the Blood through them in manner of a Wave or Fluth, T

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