terms.

We attend in minding, regarding, heeding, and noticing, and also in many cases in which these words are not employed. To mind is to attend to a thing, so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to attend to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses.

We attend to a speaker when we hear and understand his words; Conversation will naturally furnish us with hints which we did not attend to, and make us enjoy other men's parts and reflexions as well as our own.' ADDISON. We mind what is said when we bear it in mind;

Cease to request me, let us mind our way,

Another song requires another day. DRYDEN.

We regard what is said by dwelling and reflecting on it; The voice of reason is more to be regarded than the bent of any present inclination.' ADDISON. Heed is given to whatever awakens a sense of danger;

Ah! why was ruin so attractive made,
Or, why fond man so easily betray'd?

Why heed we not, while mad we haste along,

The gentle voice of peace or pleasure's song? COLLINS. Notice is taken of what passes outwardly; I believe that the knowledge of Dryden was gleaned from accidental intelligence and various conversation, by vigilance that permitted nothing to pass without notice.' JOHNSON. Children should always attend when spoken to, and mind what is said to them; they should regard the counsels of their parents, so as to make them the rule of their conduct, and heed their warnings so as to avoid the evil; they should notice what passes before them so as to apply it to some useful purpose. It is a part of politeness to attend to every minute circumstance which affects the comfort and convenience of those with whom we associate: men who are actuated by any passion seldom pay any regard to the dictates of conscience; nor heed the unfavorable impressions which their conduct makes on others; for in fact they seldom think what is said of them to be worth their notice.

time overflow the whole nation, if these wise advocates for morality (the freethinkers) were universally hearkened to.' BERKELEY. Men listen to what passes between others;

While Chaos hush'd stands listening to the noise, And wonders at confusion not his own. DENNIS. It is always proper to attend, and mostly of importance to hearken, but frequently improper to listen. The mind that is occupied with another object cannot attend: we are not disposed to hearken when the thing does not appear interesting: curiosity often impels to listening to what does not concern the listener.

Listen is sometimes used figuratively for hearing, so as to attend: it is necessary at all times to listen to the dictates of reason. It is of great importance for a learner to attend to the rules that are laid down: it is essential for young people in general to hearken to the counsels of their elders; and to listen to the admonitions of conscience.

TO ATTEND, HEARKEN, LISTEN. Attend, v. To attend to; hearken, in German horchen, is an intensive of hören to hear; listen probably comes from the German lüsten to lust after, because listening springs from an eager desire to hear.

Attend is a mental action; hearken both corporeal and mental; listen simply corporeal. To attend is to have the mind engaged on what we hear; to hearken and listen are to strive to hear. People attend when they are addressed;

Hush'd winds the topmast branches scarcely bend, As if thy tuneful song they did attend. DRYDEN. They hearken to what is said by others; What a deluge of lust, and fraud and violence would in a little

ATTENTION, APPLICATION, STUDY. These terms indicate a direction of the thoughts to an object, but differing in the degree of steadiness and force.

Attention (v. To attend to) marks the simple bending of the mind; application (v. To address) marks an envelopment or engagement of the powers; a bringing them into a state of close contact; study, from the Latin studeo to desire eagerly, marks a degree of application that arises from a strong desire of attaining the object.

Attention is the first requisite for making a progress in the acquirement of knowledge; it may be given in

various degrees, and it rewards according to the proportion in which it is given; a divided attention is however more hurtful than otherwise; it retards the progress of the learner while it injures his mind by improper exercise; Those whom sorrow incapacitates to enjoy the pleasures of contemplation, may properly apply to such diversions, provided they are innocent, as lay strong hold on the attention.' JOHNSON. Application is requisite for the attainment of perfection in any pursuit; it cannot be partial or variable, like attention; it must be the constant exercise of power or the regular and uniform use of means for the attainment of an end: youth is the period for application, when the powers of body and mind are in full vigor; no degree of it in after life will supply its deficiency in younger years; I could heartily wish there was the same application and endeavours to cultivate and improve our church music as have been lately bestowed upon that of the stage.' ADDISON. Study is that species of application which is most purely intellectual in its nature; it is the exercise of the mind for itself and in itself, its native effort to arrive at maturity; it embraces both attention and application. The student attends to all he hears and sees; applies what he has learnt to the acquirement of what he wishes to learn, and digests the whole by the exercise of reflexion as nothing is thoroughly understood or properly reduced to practice without study, the professional man must choose this road in order to reach the summit of excellence; Other things may be seized with might, or purchased with money, but knowledge is to be gained only with study.' JOHNSON.

TO DISREGARD, NEGLECT, SLIGHT.

To disregard signifies properly not to regard; neglect, in Latin neglectus, participle of negligo, compounded. of nec and lego, signifies not to choose; slight, from light, signifies to make light of or set light by.

We disregard the warnings, the words, or opinions of another; we neglect their injunctions or their precepts. To disregard results from the settled purpose of the mind; to neglect from a temporary forgetfulness or oversight. What is disregarded is seen and passed over; what is neglected is generally not thought of at the time required. What is disregarded does not strike the mind at all: what is neglected enters the mind only when it is before the eye; the former is an action employed on present objects; the latter on that which is past: what we disregard is not esteemed; The new notion that has prevailed of late years that the Christian religion is little more than a good system of morality, must in course draw on a disregard to spiritual exercise.' GIBSON. What we neglect is often esteemed, but not sufficiently to be remembered or practised;

Beauty's a charm, but soon the charm will pass;
As lilies lie neglected on the plain,

While dusky hyacinths for use remain. DRYDen.

A child disregards the prudent counsels of a parent; he neglects to use the remedies which have been prescribed to him.

Disregard and neglect are frequently not personal acts; they respect the thing more than the person; slight is altogether an intentional act towards an individual. vidual. We disregard or neglect things often from a heedlessness of temper; the consequence either of youth or habit: we slight a person from feelings of dislike or contempt. Young people should disregard nothing that is said to them by their superiors; nor neglect any thing which they are enjoined to do; nor slight any one to whom they owe personal attention; You cannot expect your son should have any regard for one whom he sees you slight.' LOCKE. Slight is also sometimes applied to moral objects in the same sense; When once devotion fancies herself under the influence of a divine impulse, it is no wonder she slights human ordinances.' ADDISON.

INADVERTENCY, INATTENTION,

OVERSIGHT.

Inadvertency, from advert to turn the mind to, is allied to inattention (v. Attentive), when the act of the mind is signified in general terms; and to oversight when any particular instance of inadvertency occurs. Inadvertency never designates a habit, but inattention does; the former term, therefore, is unqualified by the reproachful sense which attaches to the latter any one may be guilty of inadvertencies, since the mind that is occupied with many subjects equally serious may be turned so steadily towards some that others may escape notice; Ignorance or inadvertency will admit of some extenuation.' SOUTH. Inattention, which designates a direct want of attention, is always a fault, and belongs only to the young, or such as are thoughtless, either by nature or circumstances; The expense of attending (the Scottish Parliament), the inattention of the age to any legal or regular system of government, but above all, the exorbitant authority of the nobles, made this privilege of so little value as to be almost neglected.' ROBERTSON. Since inadvertency is an occasional act, it must not be too often repeated, or it becomes inattention. An oversight is properly a species of inadvertency, which arises from looking over, or passing by, a thing. Inadvertency seems to refer rather to the cause of the mistake, namely, the particular abstraction of the mind from the object; the term oversight seems to refer to the mistake itself, namely, the missing something which ought to have been taken: it is an inadvertency in a person to omit speaking to one of the company; it is an oversight in a tradesman who omits to include certain articles in his reckoning: we pardon an inadvertency in another, since the consequences are never serious; we must be guarded against oversights in business, as their consequences may be serious; The ancient critics discover beauties which escape the ob

servation of the vulgar, and very often find reasons for palliating such little slips and oversights in the writings of eminent authors." ADDISON.

TO NEGLECT, OMIT.

Neglect, v. To disregard; omit, in Latin omitto, or ob and mitto, signifies to put aside.

The idea of letting pass or slip, or of not using, is comprehended in the signification of both these terms; the former is, however, a culpable, the latter an indifferent, action. What we neglect ought not to be neglected; Heaven,

Where honour due and reverence none neglect.

MILTON.

What we omit may be omitted or otherwise, as convenience requires; These personal comparisons I omit, because I would say nothing that may savour of a spirit of flattery.' BACON. In indifferent matters they may sometimes be applied indifferently; It is the great excellence of learning, that it borrows very little from time or place; but this quality which constitutes much of its value is one occasion of neglect. What may be done at all times with equal propriety is deferred from day to day, till the mind is gradually reconciled to the omission.' JOHNSON. These terms differ, however, in the objects to which they are applied that is neglected which is practicable or serves for action; that is omitted which serves for intellectual purposes we neglect an opportunity, we neglect the means, the time, the use, and the like; we omit a word, a sentence, a figure, a stroke, a circumstance, and the like.

Negligent (v. To disregard) and remiss respect the outward action: careless, heedless, thoughtless, and inattentive, respect the state of the mind.

Negligence and remissness consist in not doing what ought to be done; carelessness and the other mental defects may show themselves in doing wrong, as well as in not doing at all; negligence and remissness are therefore, to carelessness and the others, as the effect to the cause; for no one is so apt to be negligent and remiss as he who is careless, although at the same time negligence and remissness arise from other causes, and carelessness, thoughtlessness, &c. produce likewise other effects. Negligent is a stronger term than remiss: one is negligent in neglecting the thing that is expressly before one's eyes; one is remiss in forgetting that which was enjoined some time previously: the want of will renders a person negligent; the want of interest renders a person remiss: one is negligent

in regard to business, and the performance of bodily labor; one is remiss in duty, or in such things as respect mental exertion. Servants are commonly negligent in what concerns their master's interest; teachers are remiss in not correcting the faults of their pupils. Negligence is therefore the fault of persons of all descriptions, but particularly those in low condition;

The two classes most apt to be negligent of this duty (religious retirement) are the men of pleasure, and the men of business.' BLAIR. Remissness is a

fault peculiar to those in a more elevated station;

My gen'rous brother is of gentle kind,

He seems remiss, but bears a valiant mind. POPE. A clerk in an office is negligent in not making proper memorandums; a magistrate, or the head of an institution, is remiss in the exercise of his authority by not checking irregularities.

Careless denotes the want of care (v. Care) in the manner of doing things; thoughtless denotes the want of thought or reflection about things; heedless denotes the want of heeding (v. To attend) or regarding things; inattentive denotes the want of attention to things (v. To attend to).

One is careless only in trivial matters of behaviour; one is thoughtless in matters of greater moment, in what respects the conduct. Carelessness leads children to make mistakes in their exercises, or in whatever they commit to memory or to paper; thoughtlessness leads many who are not children into serious errors of conduct, when they do not think of or bear in mind the consequences of their actions. Carelessness is occasional, thoughtlessness is permanent; the former is inseparable from a state of childhood, the latter is a constitutional defect, and sometimes attends a man to his grave. Carelessness as well as thoughtlessness betrays itself not only in the thing that immediately employs the mind; but thoughtlessness respects that which is past, and carelessness lies in that which regards futurity; If the parts of time were not variously coloured, we should never discern their departure and succession, but should live thoughtless of the past, and careless of the future.' JOHNSON. We may not only be careless in not doing the thing well that we are about, but we may be careless in neglecting to do it at all, or careless about the event, or careless about our future interest; it still differs, however, from thoughtless in this, that it bespeaks a want of interest or desire for the thing; but thoughtless bespeaks the want of thinking or reflecting upon it: the careless person abstains from using the means, because he does not care about the end; the thoughtless person cannot act, because he does not think: the careless person sees the thing, but does not try to obtain it; the thoughtless person has not the thought of it in his mind.

Careless is applied to such things as require permanent care; thoughtless to such as require permanent thought; heedless and inattentive are applied to passing objects that engage the senses or the thoughts of

the moment. One is careless in business, thoughtless in conduct, heedless in walking or running, inattentive in listening careless and thoughtless persons neglect the necessary use of their powers; the heedless and inattentive neglect the use of their senses. Careless people are unfit to be employed in the management of any concerns; thoughtless people are unfit to have the management of themselves; heedless children are unfit to go by themselves; inattentive children are unfit to be led by others. One is careless and inattentive in providing for his good; one is thoughtless and heedless in not guarding against evil: a careless person does not trouble himself about advancement; an inattentive person does not concern himself about improvement; a thoughtless person brings himself into distress; a heedless person exposes himself to accidents.

Heedless and inattentive are, for the most part, applied to particular circumstances, and in that case they are not taken in a bad sense. We may be heedless of a thing of which it is not needful to take any heed:

There in the ruin, heedless of the dead,
The shelter-seeking peasant builds his shed.
GOLDSMITH.

Or inattentive if the thing does not demand attention; In the midst of his glory the Almighty is not inattentive to the meanest of his subjects." BLAIR.

ATTENTIVE, CAREFUL.

Attentive marks a readiness to attend (v. To attend to); careful signifies full of care (v. Care, solicitude).

These epithets denote a fixedness of mind: we are attentive in order to understand and improve: we are by what is told him in learning his task: a careful careful to avoid mistakes. An attentive scholar profits scholar performs his exercises correctly.

A

Attention respects matters of judgement; care relates to mechanical or ordinary actions: we listen attentively; we read or write carefully. A servant must be attentive to the orders that are given him, and careful not to injure his master's property. translator must be attentive; a transcriber careful. A tradesman ought to be attentive to the wishes of his customers, and careful in keeping his accounts. In an extended and moral application of these terms they preserve a similar distinction; The use of the pas sions is to stir up the soul, to awaken the understanding, and to make the whole man more vigorous and attentive in the prosecution of his designs." ADDISON. 'We should be as careful of our words as our actions, and as far from speaking as doing ill.' STEELE.

THOUGHTFUL, CONSIDERATE,

DELIBERATE.

Thoughtful, or full of thinking (v. To think, reflect); considerate, or ready to consider (v. To consider, reflect); and deliberate, ready to deliberate (v. To consult); rise upon each other in their signification: he who is thoughtful does not forget his duty; he who is considerate pauses, and considers properly what is his duty; he who deliberates considers deliberately. It is a recommendation to a subordinate person to be thoughtful in doing what is wished of him; Men's minds are in general inclined to levity, much more than to thoughtful melancholy.' BLAIR. It is the recommendation of a confidential person to be considerate, as he has often to judge according to his own discretion; "Some things will not bear much zeal; and the more earnest we are about them, the less we recommend ourselves to the approbation of sober and considerate men.' TILLOTSON. It is the recommendation of a person who is acting for himself in critical matters to be deliberate; There is a vast difference between sins of infirmity and those of presumption, as vast as between inadvertency and deliberation." SOUTH. There is this farther distinction in the word deliberate, that it may be used in the bad sense to mark a settled intention to do evil; young people may sometimes plead in extenuation of their guilt, that their misdeeds do not arise from deliberate malice.

CARE, SOLICITUDE, ANXIETY.

Care, in Latin cura, comes probably from the Greek nupos power, because whoever has power has a weight of care; solicitude, in French solicitude, Latin sollicitudo from sollicito to disquiet, compounded of solum and cito to put altogether in commotion, signifies a complete state of restless commotion; anxiety, in French anxieté, Latin anxietas, from anxius and ango, Greek ayxw, Hebrew pan to hang, suffocate, torment, signifies a state of extreme suffering.

These terms express mental pain in different degrees; care less than solicitude, and this less than anxiety. Care consists of thought and feeling; solicitude and anxiety of feeling only. Care respects the past, present, and future; solicitude and anxiety regard the present and future. Care is directed towards the present and absent, near or at a distance; solicitude and anxiety are employed about that which is absent and at a certain distance.

We are careful about the means; solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good; we are anxious to avoid an evil. The cares of a parent exceed every other in their weight. He has an unceasing solicitude for the welfare of his children, and experiences many an anxious thought lest all his care should be lost upon them.

Care, though in some respects an infirmity of our nature, is a consequence of our limited knowledge, which we cannot altogether remove; as it respects the present, it is a bounden duty; but when it extends to

But his face

CARE, CONCERN, REGARD.

Care, in Latin cura, comes probably from the Greek xúpos authority, because the weight of care rests with those in authority; concern, from the Latin concerno, compounded of con and cerno, signifies the looking thoroughly into a thing; regard, in French regarder, compounded of re and garder to look, signifies looking back upon a thing.

Care and concern consist both of thought and feeling, but the latter has less of thought than feeling : regard consists of thought only. We care for a thing which is the object of our exertions and wishes;

His trust was equal with the Deity to be deem'd,
Equal in strength, and rather than be less
Car'd not to be at all. MILTON.

We concern ourselves about a thing when it
our attention;

engages

Care is altogether an active principle: the careful man leaves no means untried in the pursuit of his object; care actuates him to personal endeavours; it is opposed to negligence. Concern is not so active in its nature the person who is concerned will be contented to see exertions made by others; it is opposed to indifference. Regard is only a sentiment of the mind; it may lead to action, but of itself extends no farther than reflection.

The business of life is the subject of care;

Well, on my terms thou wilt not be my heir;
If thou car'st little, less shall be my care. DRYDEN.

dren, are objects for which we ought to take some care, or at least have some concern, inasmuch as we have a regard for our own welfare, and the well-being of society.

CARE, CHARGE, MANAGEMENT.

Care, v. Care, solicitude; charge, in French charge a burden, in Armoric and Bretan carg, which is probably connected with cargo and carry, is figuratively employed in the sense of a burden; a management, in French ménagement, from ménager and méner to lead, and the Latin manus a hand, signifies direction.

Care (v. Care, concern) includes generally both charge and management; but, in the strict sense, it comprehends personal labor: charge involves responsibility: management (v. To conduct) includes regu

lation and order.

A gardener has the care of a garden; a nurse has the charge of children; a steward has the management of a farm: we must always act in order to take care; we must look in order to take charge; we must always think in order to manage.

Care is employed in the ordinary affairs of life; charge in matters of trust and confidence; management in matters of business and experience: the female has the care of the house, and the man that of providing for his family;

Care's a father's right-a pleasing right,

In which he labours with a home-felt joy. SHIRLEY. An instructor has the charge of youth; I can never believe that the repugnance with which Tiberius took the charge of the government upon him was wholly feigned.' CUMBERLAND. A clerk has the management of a business; The woman, to whom her husband left the whole management of her lodgings, and who persisted in her purpose, soon found an opportunity to put it into execution.' HAWKESWORTH.

CAREFUL, CAUTIOUS, PROVIDENT.

Careful signifies full of care (v. Care, solicitude); cautious is in Latin cautus, participle of caveo, which comes from cavus hollow, or a cave, which was originally a place of security; hence the epithet cautious in the sense of seeking security; provident, Latin providens, signifies foreseeing or looking to beforehand, from pro and video.

We are careful to avoid mistakes; cautious to avoid danger; provident to avoid straits and difficulties: care is exercised in saving and retaining what we have; caution must be used in guarding against the evils that may be; providence must be employed in supplying the good, or guarding against the contingent evils of the future. Providence is a determinate and extended kind of caution.

Care consists in the use of means, in the exercise of