hurry.' JOHNSON. Laziness is frequent among those who are compelled to work for others; it is a habit of body superinduced upon one's condition; those who should labor are often the most unwilling to move at all, and since the spring of the mind which should impel them to action is wanting, and as they are continually under the necessity of moving at the will of another, they acquire an habitual reluctance to any motion, and find their comfort in entire inaction: hence laziness is almost confined to servants and the laboring classes; laziness is opposed to industry; • Wicked condemned men will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be lazy and spend victuals.' BACON. Lazy may however be applied figuratively to other objects; The daw, Indolence is a physical property of the mind, a want of motive or purpose to action: the indolent man is not so fond of his bodily ease as the lazy man, but he shrinks from every species of exertion still more than the latter; indolence is a disease most observable in the higher classes, and even in persons of the highest intellectual endowments, in whom there should be the most powerful motives to exertion; the indolent stands in direct opposition to nothing but the general term active; Nothing is so opposite to the true enjoyment of life as the relaxed and feeble state of an indolent mind.' BLAIR. or less unfavorable; leisure in a sense perfectly indifferent if a man says of himself that he has spent an idle hour in this or that place in amusement, company, and the like, he means to signify he would have spent it better if any thing had offered; on the other hand, he would say that he spends his leisure moments in a suitable relaxation: he who values his time will take care to have as few idle hours as possible; Life is sustained with so little labour, that the tediousness of idle time cannot otherwise be supported (than by artificial desires).' JOHNSON. But since no one can always be employed in severe labor, he will occupy his leisure hours in that which best suits his taste; 6 Here, pause my Gothic lyre, a little while: Idle and leisure are said in particular reference to the time that is employed; vacant is a more general term, that simply qualifies the thing: an idle hour is without any employment; a vacant hour is in general free from the employments with which it might be filled up; a person has leisure time according to his wishes; but he may have vacant time from necessity, that is, when he is in want of employment; Idleness dictates expedients, by which life may be passed unprofitably, without the tediousness of many vacant hours.' JOHNSON. IDLE, VAIN. The life of a common player is most apt to breed an habitual idleness; as they have no serious employ-bably changed from vacaneus, signifying empty. Idle, v. Idle, lazy; vain, in Latin vanus, is proment to occupy their hands or their heads, they grow averse to every thing which would require the exercise of either the life of a common soldier is apt to breed laziness; he who can sit or lie for twelve hours out of the twenty-four, will soon acquire a disgust to any kind of labor, unless he be naturally of an active turn the life of a rich man is most favorable to indolence; he who has every thing provided at his hand, not only for the necessities, but the comforts of life, may soon become averse to every thing that wears the face of exertion; he may become indolent, if he be not unfortunately so by nature. IDLE, LEISURE, VACANT. Idle, signifies here emptiness or the absence of that which is solid; leisure, otherwise spelt leasure, comes from lease, as in the compound release, and the Latin lavo to make lax or loose, that is, loosed or set free; vacant, in Latin vacans, from vaco to free or be empty, signifies the same. Idle is opposed here to busy; at leisure simply to employed: he therefore who is idle, instead of being busy, commits a fault; which is not always the case with him who is at leisure or free from his employment. Idle is therefore always taken in a sense more : These epithets are both opposed to the solid or substantial; but idle has a more particular reference to what ought or ought not to engage the time or attention; vain seems to qualify the thing without any such reference. A pursuit may be termed either idle or vain in the former case, it reflects immediately on the agent for not employing his time on something terizes the pursuit as one that will be attended with no more serious; but in the latter case, it simply characbeings who have but a short time to live, and that good consequences: when we consider ourselves as every moment of that time ought to be thoroughly well spent, we shall be careful to avoid all idle concerns; when we consider ourselves as rational beings, who are responsible for the use of those powers with which we have been invested by our Almighty Maker, we shall be careful to reject all vain concerns: an idle effort is made by one who does not care to exert himself for any useful purpose, who works only to please himself; a vain effort may be made by one who is in a state of desperation. These terms preserve the same distinction when applied to other objects; And let no spot of idle earth be found, But cultivate the genius of the ground. DRYDEN. Deluded by vain opinions, we look to the advantages of fortune as our ultimate goods.' BLAIR. HEAVY, DULL, DROWSY. Heavy is allied to both dull and drowsy, but the latter have no close connexion with each other. Heavy and dull are employed as epithets both for persons and things; heavy characterizes the corporeal state of a person; dull qualifies the spirits or the understanding of the subject. A person has a heavy look whose temperament seems composed of gross and weighty materials which weigh him down and impede his movements; he has a dull countenance in whom the ordinary brightness and vivacity of the mind is wanting heavy is either a characteristic of the constitution, or only a particular state arising from external or internal causes; Heavy with age, Entellus stands his ground, DRYDEN. Dullness as it respects the frame of the spirits, is a partial state; as it respects the mental vigor, it is a characteristic of the individual; O thou dull god! Why liest thou with the vile It is a misfortune frequently attached to those of a corpulent habit to be very heavy: there is no one who from the changes of the atmosphere may not be occasionally heavy. Those who have no resources in themselves are always dull in solitude: those who are not properly instructed, or have a deficiency of capacity, will appear dull in all matters of learning. Heavy is either properly or improperly applied to things which are conceived to have an undue tendency to press or lean downwards: dull is in like manner employed for whatever fails in the necessary degree of brightness or vivacity; the weather is heavy when the air is full of thick and weighty materials; it may be dull from the intervention of clouds. Heavy and drowsy are both employed in the sense of sleepy; but the former is only a particular state, the latter particular or general; all persons may be occasionally heavy or drowsy; some are habitually drowsy from disease; they likewise differ in degree; the latter being much the greater of the two; and occasionally they are applied to such things as produce sleepiness; And drowsy tinklings lull the distant fold. GRAY. TO SLEEP, SLUMBER, DOZE, DROWZE, NAP. Sleep, in Saxon slæpan, Low German slap, German schlaf, is supposed to come from the Low German slap or slack slack, because sleep denotes an entire relaxation of the physical frame; slumber, in Saxon slumeran, &c. is but an intensive verb of schlummern, which is a variation from the preceding slæpan, &c. ; doxe, in Low German dusen, is in all probability a variation from the French dors, and the Latin dormio to sleep, which was anciently dermio, and comes from the Greek Sépua a skin, because people lay on skins when they slept; drowxe is a variation of doxe; nap is in all probability a variation of nob and nod. Sleep is the general term, which designates in an indefinite manner that state of the body to which all animated beings are subject at certain seasons in the course of nature; to slumber is to sleep lightly and softly; to doxe is to incline to sleep, or to begin sleeping; to nap is to sleep for a time: every one who is not indisposed sleeps during the night; those who are accustomed to wake at a certain hour of the morning commonly slumber only after that time; there are many who, though they cannot sleep in a carriage, will yet be obliged to doxe if they travel in the night; in hot climates the middle of the day is commonly chosen for a nap. SLEEPY, DROWSY, LETHARGIC. Sleepy (v. To sleep) expresses either a temporary or a permanent state: drowsy, which comes from the low German drusen, and is a variation of doxe (v. To sleep) expresses mostly a temporary state: lethargic, from lethargy, in Latin lethargia, Greek nagyía, compounded of Ann forgetfulness, and dpyòs swift, signifying a proneness to forgetfulness or sleep, describes a permanent or habitual state. Sleepy, as a temporary state, expresses also what is natural or seasonable; drowsiness expresses an inclination to sleep at unseasonable hours: it is natural to be sleepy at the hour when we are accustomed to retire to rest; it is common to be drowsy when sitting still after dinner. Sleepiness, as a permanent state, is an infirmity to which some persons are subject constitutionally; lethargy is a disease with which people, otherwise the most wakeful, may be occasionally attacked. INDOLENT, SUPINE, LISTLESS, Indolent, v. Idle, lazy; supine, in Latin supinus, from super above, signifies lying on one's back, or with one's face upward, which, as it is the action of a lazy or idle person, has been made to represent the qualities themselves; listless, without list, in German lust desire, signifies without desire; careless signifies without care or concern. These terms represent a diseased or unnatural state of the mind, when its desires, which are the springs of action, are in a relaxed and torpid state, so as to prevent the necessary degree of exertion. Indolence has a more comprehensive meaning than supineness, and this signifies more than listlessness or careless ness: indolence is a general indisposition of a person to exert either his mind or his body; supineness is a similar indisposition that shows itself on particular occasions: there is a corporeal as well as a mental cause for indolence; but supineness lies principally in the mind: corpulent and large-made people are apt to be indolent; but timid and gentle dispositions are apt to be supine. An indolent person sets all labor, both corporeal and mental, at a distance from him; it is irksome to him; Hence reasoners more refin'd but not more wise, Or else too proud that ignorance to own. JENYNS. Stir, in German storen, old German stiren or A supine person objects to undertake any thing which steren, Latin turbo, Greek Túpßn or bópußos trouble or threatens to give him trouble; With what unequal tempers are we fram'd! One day the soul, supine with ease and fulness, Revels secure. ROWE. : The indolent person is so for a permanency; he always seeks to be waited upon rather than wait on himself; and as far as it is possible he is glad for another to think for him, rather than to burden himself with thought the supine person is so only in matters that require more than an ordinary portion of his exertion; he will defer such business, and sacrifice his interest to his ease. The indolent and supine are not, however, like the listless, expressly without desire an indolent or supine man has desire enough to enjoy what is within his reach, although not always sufficient desire to surmount the aversion to labor in trying to obtain it; the listless man, on the contrary, is altogether without the desire, and is in fact in a state of moral torpor, which is however but a temporary or partial state arising from particular circumstances; after the mind has been wrought up to the highest pitch, it will sometimes sink into a state of relaxation in which it apparently ceases to have any active principle within itself. Indolence is a habit of both body and mind; supineness is sometimes only a mode of inaction flowing out of a particular frame of mind; listlessness is only a certain frame of mind: an active person may sometimes be supine in setting about a business which runs counter to his feelings; a listless person, on the other hand, if he be habitually so, will never be active in any thing, because he will have no impulse to action; Sullen, methinks, and slow the morning breaks, As if the sun were listless to appear. DRYDEN. Carelessness expresses less than any of the above; for though a man who is indolent, supine, and listless, is naturally careless, yet carelessness is properly applicable to such as have no such positive disease of mind or body. The careless person is neither averse to labor or thought, nor devoid of desire, but wants in reality that care or thought which is requisite for tumult; move, v. Motion. Stir is here a specific, move a generic term; to stir is to move so as to disturb the rest and composure either of the body or mind; I've read that things inanimate have mov'd, MOTION, MOVEMENT. These are both abstract terms to denote the act of moving, but motion is taken generally and abstractedly from the thing that moves; movement, on the other hand, is taken in connexion with the agent or thing that moves: hence we speak of a state of motion as opposed to a state of rest, of perpetual motion, the laws of motion, and the like; on the other hand, to make a movement when speaking of an army, a general movement when speaking of an assembly. When motion is qualified by the thing that moves, it denotes a continued motion; but movement implies only a particular motion: hence we say, the motion of the heavenly bodies, the motion of the earth; a person is in continual motion, or an army is in motion; but a person makes a movement who rises or sits down, or goes from one chair to another; the different movements of the springs and wheels of any instrument; It is not easy to a mind accustomed to the inroads of troublesome thoughts to expel them immediately by putting better images into motion.” JOHNSON. Nature I thought perform'd too mean a part, Forming her movements to the rules of art. PRIOR. MOVING, AFFECTING, PATHETIC. The moving is in general whatever moves the affections or the passions; the affecting and pathetic are what move the affections in different degrees. The good or bad feelings may be moved; the tender feelings only are affected. A field of battle is a moving spectacle; There is something so moving in the very image of weeping beauty.' STEELE. The death of King Charles was an affecting spectacle; I do not remember to have seen any ancient or modern story more affecting than a letter of Ann of Boulogne. ADDISON. The affecting acts by means of the senses, as well as the understanding. The pathetic applies only to what is addressed to the heart; hence, a sight or a description is affecting; but an address is pathetic; What think you of the bard's enchanting art, TO COME, ARRIVE. Come is general; arrive is particular. Persons or things come; persons only, or what is personified, arrive. To come specifies neither time or manner; arrival is employed with regard to some particular period or circumstances. The coming of our Saviour was predicted by the prophets; the arrival of a messenger is expected at a certain hour. We know that evils must come, but we do wisely not to meet them by anticipation; the arrival of a vessel in the haven, after a long and dangerous voyage, is a circumstance of general interest in the neighbourhood where it happens; Hail, rev'rend priest! to Phoebus' awful dome, POPE. Old men love novelties; the last arriv'a TO ADVANCE, PROCEED. To advance (v. Advance) is to go towards some point; to proceed, from the Latin procedo, is to go onward in a certain course. The same distinction is preserved between them in their figurative acceptation. A person advances in the world, who succeeds in his transactions and raises himself in society; he proceeds in his business, when he carries it on as he has done before; It is wonderful to observe by what a gradual progress the world of life advances through a prodigious variety of species, before a creature is formed that is complete in all its senses.' ADDISON. If the scale of being rises by such a regular progress so high as man, we may by a parity of reason suppose that it still proceeds gradually through those beings which are of a superior nature to him.' ADDISON. One advances by proceeding, and one proceeds in order to advance. Some people pass their lives in the same situation without advancing. Some are always doing without proceeding. Those who make considerable progress in learning stand the fairest chance of being advanced to dignity and honor. PACE, STEP. Pace, in French pas, Latin passus, comes from the Hebrew yw to pass, and signifies the act of passing, or the ground passed over; step, which comes through the medium of the northern languages, from the Greek seißev, signifies the act of stepping, or the ground stepped over. As respects the act, pace expresses the general manner of passing on, or moving the body; step implies the manner of treading with the foot; the pace is distinguished by being either a walk or a run; and tinguished by the right or the left, the forward or the in regard to horses, a trot or a gallop: the step is disbackward. The same pace may be modified so as to be more or less easy, more or less quick; the step may vary as it is light or heavy, graceful or ungraceful, long or short. We may go a slow pace with long A slow pace is best suited to the solemnity of a funesteps, or we may go a quick pace with short steps. ral; a long step must be taken by soldiers in a slow march. ONWARD, FORWARD, PROGRESSIVE. Onward is taken in the literal sense of going nearer to an object: forward is taken in the sense of going from an object, or going farther in the line before one: progressive has the sense of going gradually or step by step before one. person goes onward who does not stand still; he goes forward who does not recede; he goes progressively who goes forward at certain intervals. Onward is taken only in the proper acceptation of travelling; the traveller who has lost his way feels it necessary to go onward with the hope of arriving at some point; Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow, Or by the lazy Scheld, or wandering Po, My heart untravell'd fondly turns to thee. GOLDSMITH. Forward is employed in the improper as well as the proper application; a traveller goes forward in order to reach his point of destination as quickly as possible; a learner uses his utmost endeavours in order to get forward in his learning; Harbood the chairman was much blamed for his rashness; he said the duty of the chair was always to set things forward.' BUR Progressively is employed only in the improper application to what requires time and labor in order to bring it to a conclusion; every man goes on progressively in his art, until he arrives at the point of perfection attainable by him; NETT. Reason progressive, instinct is complete. YOUNG. EXCURSION, RAMBLE, TOUR, TRIP, Excursion signifies going out of one's course, from the Latin ex and cursus a course or prescribed path: a ramble, from roam, of which it is a frequentative, is a going without any course or regular path; tour, from the word turn or return, is a circuitous course: a trip, from the Latin tripudio to go on the toes like a dancer, is properly a pedestrian excursion or tour, or any short journey that might be made on foot: jaunt, is from the French jante the felly of a wheel, and janter to put the felly in motion. To go abroad in a carriage is an idle excursion, or one taken for mere pleasure: travellers who are not contented with what is not to be seen from a high road make frequent excursions into the interior of the country; I am now so rus-in-urbeish, I believe I shall stay here, except little excursions and vagaries, for a year to come.' GRAY. Those who are fond of rural scenery, and pleased to follow the bent of their inclinations, make frequent rambles; I am going on a short ramble to my Lord Oxford's.' POPE. Those who set out upon a sober scheme of enjoyment from travelling, are satisfied with making the tour of some one country or more; My last summer's tour was through Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, and Shropshire.' GRAY. Those who have not much time for pleasure take trips; I hold the resolution I told you in my last of seeing you if you cannot take a trip hither before I go.' POPE. Those who have no better means of spending their time make jaunts; If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try for once who can foot it farthest.' DRYDEN. JOURNEY, TRAVEL, VOYAGE. Journey, from the French journée a day's work, and Latin diurnus daily, signifies the course that is taken in the space of a day, or in general any comparatively short passage from one place to another: travel, from the French travailler to labor, signifies such a course or passage as requires labor, and causes probably changed from the Latin via a way, and orifatigue; in general any long course: voyage is most ginally signified any course or passage to a distance, but is now confined to passages by sea. We take journeys in different parts of the same country; we make voyages by sea, and travel by land. Journeys are taken in different parts of the same country for a specific business; To Paradise, the happy seat of man, His journey's end, and our beginning woe. MILTON. Travels are made by land for amusement or information; In my travels I had been near their setting out in Thessaly, and at the place of their landing in Carniola.' BROWN. Voyages are made by captains or merchants for purposes of commerce; Our ships went sundry voyages as well to the pillars of Hercules as to other parts in the Atlantick and Mediterranean seas.' BACON. We estimate journeys by the day, as one or two days' journey; Scarce the sun Hath finished half his journey. We estimate travels and voyages by the months and years that are employed; Cease mourners; cease complaint and weep no more, Calm and serene, he sees approaching death, As the safe port, th' peaceful silent shore, Where he may rest, life's tedious voyage o'er. JENYNS. The Israelites are said to have journeyed in the wilderness forty years, because they went but short distances at a time. It is a part of polite education for young men of fortune to travel into those countries |