we bestow only in particular cases which require immediate notice. Many give things to the rich only to increase the number of their superfluities, and they give to the poor to relieve their necessities; they bestow their alms on an indigent sufferer.

To give has no respect to the circumstances of the action or the agent; it is applicable to persons of all conditions: to grant bespeaks not only the will, but the power and influence of the granter: to bestow bespeaks the necessitous condition of the receiver. Children may give to their parents and parents to their children, kings to their subjects or subjects to their kings; but monarchs only grant to their subjects, or parents to their children; and superiors in general bestow upon their dependants that which they cannot provide for themselves.

In an extended application of the terms to moral objects or circumstances, they strictly adhere to the same line of distinction. We give our consent; we give our promise; we give our word; we give credit; we give in all cases that which may be simply transferred from one to another;

Happy when both to the same centre move,

When kings give liberty, and subjects love. DENHAM. Liberties, rights, privileges, favors, indulgences, permissions, and all things are granted, which are in the hands only of a few, but are acceptable to many; The gods will grant

What their unerring wisdom sees they want. DRYDEN.

Blessings, care, concern, and the like, are bestowed upon those who are dependant upon others for whatever they have.

Give and bestow are likewise said of things as well as of persons; grant is said only of persons. Give is here equally general and indefinite; bestow conveys the idea of giving under circumstances of necessity and urgency. One gives a preference to a particular situation; one gives a thought to a subject that is proposed; one gives time and labor to any matter that engages one's attention; Milton afterwards gives us a description of the morning, which is wonderfully suitable to a divine poem.' ADDISON. But one bestows pains on that which demands particular attention; one bestows a moment's thought on one particular subject, out of the number which engage attention; After having thus treated at large of Paradise Lost, I could not think it sufficient to have celebrated this poem, in the whole, without descending to particulars: I have therefore bestowed a paper on each book.' ADDISON.

That is granted which is desired, if not directly asked for; that is bestowed which is wanted as a matter of necessity; that is allowed which may be expected, if not directly required.

What is granted is perfectly gratuitous on the part of the giver, it is a pure favour, and lays the receiver under an obligation; what is bestowed is occasional, altogether depending on the circumstances and disposition of both giver and receiver; what is allowed is

a gift stipulated as to time and quantity, which as to continuance depends upon the will of the giver.

It is as improper to grant a person more than he asks, as it is to ask a person for more than he can grant. Alms are very ill bestowed which only serve to encourage beggary and idleness; many of the poor are allowed a small sum weekly from the parish. A grant comprehends in it something more important than an allowance, and passes between persons in a higher station; what is bestowed is of less value than either. A father allows his son a yearly sum for his casual expences, or a master allows his servant a maintenance; Martial's description of a species of lawyers is full of humour: "Men that hire out their words and anger, that are more or less passionate as they are paid for it, and allow their client a quantity of wrath proportionable to the fee which they receive from him.' ADDISON. Kings grant pensions to their officers; governments grant subsidies to one another;

If you in pity grant this one request,

My death shall glut the hatred of his breast. DRYDEN. Relief is bestowed on the indigent; Our Saviour doth plainly witness that there should not be as much reward.' HOOKER. as a cup of cold water bestowed for his sake without

In a figurative acceptation that is granted which is given by way of favor or indulgence; that is bestowed which is done in justice, or by way of reward or necessity; that is allowed which is done by way of courtesy or compliance.

In former times the kings of England granted certain privileges to some towns, which they retain to this day; All the land is the queen's, unless there be some grant of any part thereof to be shewed from her majesty.' SPENSER. her majesty.' SPENSER. Those who are hasty in applauding frequently bestow their commendations on very undeserving objects ;

So much the more thy diligence bestow,

In depth of winter to defend the snow. DRYDEN.

A candid man allows merit even in his rivals; 'I

shall be ready to allow the pope as little power here as you please.' SWIFT.

TO GIVE, AFFORD, SPARE.

Give is here the generic term, as in the preceding article; afford, probably changed from afferred, from the Latin affero, or ad and fero, signifies literally to bring to a person; spare, in German sparen, Latin parco, and Hebrew p to preserve, signifies here to lay up for a particular purpose. These words are allied to each other in the sense of sending forth: but the former denotes an unqualified and unconditional action; the latter bears a relation to the circumstances of the agent. A person is said to give money without any regard to the state of his finances: he is said to afford what he gives, when one wishes to

define his pecuniary condition; Nothing can give that to another which it hath not itself.' BRAMHALL. The same errours run through all families, where there is wealth enough to afford that their sons may be good for nothing.' SWIFT. The same idea runs through the application of these terms to all other cases, in which inanimate things are made the agents;

Are these our great pursuits? Is this to live,
These all the hopes this much-lov'd world can give?
JENYNS.

Our paper manufacture takes into use several mean materials, which could be put to no other use, and affords work for several hands in the collection of

them, which are incapable of any other employment." ADDISON. When we say a thing gives satisfaction, we simply designate the action; when we say it affords pleasure, we refer to the nature and properties of the thing thus specified; the former is employed only to declare the fact, the latter to characterize the object. Hence, in certain cases, we should say, this or that posture of the body gives ease to a sick person; but, as a moral sentiment, we should say, nothing affords such ease to the mind as a clear conscience; This is the consolation of all good men, unto whom his ubiquity affordeth continual comfort and security.' BROWN (Vulg. Err.). Upon the same grounds the use of these terms is justified in the following cases; to give rise; or give birth; to give occasion: afford an opportunity; to afford a plea or a pretext; to afford ground, and the like.

to

To afford and spare both imply the deducting from one's property with convenience, but afford respects solely expences

which are no more than commensurate with our income; spare is said of things in general, which we may part with without any sensible diminution of our comfort. There are few so destitute that they cannot afford something for the relief of that they cannot afford something for the relief of

others, who are more destitute;

Accept whate'er Æneas can afford,

Untouch'd thy arms, untaken by thy sword. DRYDEN. He who has two things of a kind may easily spare one; 'How many men, in the common concerns of life, lend sums of money which they are not able to

spare. ADDISON.

TO GIVE, PRESENT, OFFER, EXHIBIT.

These terms have a common signification, inasmuch as they designate the manual act of transferring something from one's self to another. The first is here as elsewhere (v. To give, grant) the most indefinite and extensive in its meaning; it denotes the complete act: the two latter refer rather to the preliminaries of giving, than to the act itself. What is given is actually transferred: what is presented, that is made a present to any one; what is offered is brought in the

way of a person, or put in the way of being transferred: we present in giving, and offer in order to give; but it may be that we may give without presenting or offering; and, on the other hand, we may present or offer without giving.

To give is the familiar term which designates the ordinary transfer of property to present is a term of respect; it includes in it the formality and ceremony of setting before another that which we wish to give : to offer is an act of humility or solemnity: it bespeaks the movement of the heart, which impels to the making a transfer or gift. We give to our domestics; we present to princes; we offer to God: we give to a person what we wish to be received; we present to a person what we think agreeable; we offer what we think acceptable: what is given is supposed to be

ours;

Of seven smooth joints a mellow pipe I have,

Which with his dying breath Damætas gave. DRYDEN. What we offer is supposed to be at our command; Alexis will thy homely gifts disdain ; Nor, should'st thou offer all thy little store, Will rich Iolas yield, but offer more. DRYDEN.

What we present need not be either our own or at our command; It fell out at the same time, that a very fine colt, which promised great strength and speed, was presented to Octavius: Virgil assured them that he would prove a jade: upon trial, it was found as he had said." WALSH. We give a person not only our external property, but our esteem, our confidence, our company, and the like; an ambassador presents his credentials at court; a subject offers his services to his king.

They bear the same relation to each other when speak of giving a person an assurance, or a contradicapplied to words or actions, instead of property: we tion; of presenting an address, and offering an apology of giving a reception, presenting a figure, or offering an insult. They may likewise be extended in their application, not only to personal and individual actions, but also to such as respect the public at large: we give a description in writing, as well as by word of mouth; one presents the public with the fruit of one's labors; we offer remarks on such things as attract notice, and call for animadversion.

:

These terms may also be employed to designate the actions of unconscious agents, by which they are characterized in this sense they come very near to the word exhibit, which, from exhibeo, signifies to hold or put forth. Here the word give is equally indefinite and general, denoting simply to send from itself, and applies mostly to what proceeds from another thing, by a natural cause: thus, a thing is said to give pain, or to give pleasure;

The apprehension of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse.

SHAKSPEARE.

Things are said to present or offer, that is, in the sense of setting them to view; others only by the figure of personification: thus, a town is said to present a fine view, or an idea presents itself to the mind;

Its pearl the rock presents, its gold the mine. JENYNS. An opportunity offers, that is, offers itself to our notice;

True genuine dulness mov'd his pity,
Unless it offer'd to be witty. SWIFT.

To exhibit is properly applied in this sense of setting forth to view; but expresses likewise the idea of attracting notice also: that which is exhibited is more striking than what is presented or offered; thus a poem is said to exhibit marks of genius; The recol'The recollection of the past becomes dreadful to a guilty man. It exhibits to him a life thrown away on vanities and follies.' BLAIR.

TO INTRODUCE, PRESENT.

To introduce, from the Latin introduco, signifies literally to bring within or into any place; to present (v. To give) signifies to bring into the presence of. As they respect persons, the former passes between equals, the latter only among persons of rank and power one literary man is introduced to another by means of a common friend; he is presented at court by a nobleman.

As these terms respect things, we say that subjects are introduced in the course of conversation; The endeavours of freethinkers tend only to introduce slavery and error among men.' BERKELEY. Men's particular views upon certain subjects are presented to the notice of others through the medium of publication, or objects are presented to the view;

Now every leaf, and every moving breath,
Presents a foe, and every foe a death. DENHAM.

ALLOWANCE, STIPEND, SALARY,
WAGES, HIRE, PAY.

All these terms denote a stated sum paid according to certain stipulations. Allowance, from allow (v. To admit, allow), signifies the thing allowed; stipend, in Latin stipendium, from stipes a piece of money, signifies money paid: salary, in French salaire, Latin salarium, comes from sal salt, which was originally the principal pay for soldiers; wages, in French gage, Latin vadium, from the Hebrew ya', labour, signifies that which is paid for labour; hire expresses the sum for which one is hired, and pay the sum that is to be paid.

An allowance is gratuitous; it ceases at the pleasure of the donor; Sir Richard Steele was officiously informed, that Mr. Savage had ridiculed him; by

which he was so much exasperated that he withdrew the allowance which he had paid him.' JOHNSON. All the rest are the requital for some supposed service; they cease with the engagement made between the parties. A stipend is more fixed and permanent than a salary; and that than wages, hire, or pay: a stipend depends upon the fulfilling of an engagement, rather than on the will of an individual; a salary is a matter of contract between the giver and receiver, and may be increased or diminished at will.

An allowance may be given in any form, or at any stated times; a stipend and salary are paid yearly, or at even portions of a year; wages, hire, and pay, are estimated by days, weeks, or months, as well as years.

An allowance may be made by, with, and to persons of all ranks; a stipend and salary are assignable only to persons of respectability;

Is not the care of souls a load sufficient?

Are not your holy stipends paid for this? DRYDEN. Several persons, out of a salary of five hundred pounds, have always lived at the rate of two thousand.' SWIFT. Wages are given to labourers; The peasant and the mechanic, when they have received the wages of the day, and procured their strong beer and supper, have scarce a wish unsatisfied.' HAWKESWORTH. Hire is given to servants;

I have five hundred crowns,
The thrifty hire I sav'd under your father.

SHAKSPEARE.

government;
Pay is given to soldiers or such as are employed under

Come on, brave soldiers, doubt not of the day;
And that once gotten, doubt not of large pay.
SHAKSPEARE.

GIFT, PRESENT, DONATION, BENEFACTION.

Gift is derived from to give, in the sense of what is communicated to another gratuitously of one's property; present is derived from to present, signifying the thing presented to another; donation, from the French donation, and the Latin dono to present or give, is a species of gift.

The gift is an act of generosity or condescension; it contributes to the benefit of the receiver: the present is an act of kindness, courtesy, or respect; it contributes to the pleasure of the receiver. The gift passes from the rich to the poor, from the high to the low, and creates an obligation; the present passes either between equals, or from the inferior to the superior. Whatever we receive from God, through the bounty of his Providence, we entitle a gift;

The gifts of heav'n my following song pursues,
Aerial honey and ambrosial dews. DRYDEN.

Whatever we receive from our friends, or whatever

U

Have what you ask, your presents I receive;

Land, where and when you please, with ample leave.

DRYDEN. We are told by all travellers that it is a custom in the east, never to approach a great man without a present; the value of a gift is often heightened by being given opportunely. The value of a present often depends upon the value we have for the giver; the smallest present from an esteemed friend is of more worth in our eyes, than the costliest presents that monarchs receive.

The gift is private, and benefits the individual; the donation is public, and serves some general purpose: what is given to relieve the necessities of any poor person is a gift; what is given to support an institution is a donation. The clergy are indebted to their patrons for the livings which are in their gift;

And she shall have them, if again she sues,
Since you the giver and the gift refuse. DRYDEN.

It has been the custom of the pious and charitable, in all ages, to make donations for the support of almshouses, hospitals, infirmaries, and such institutions as serve to diminish the sum of human misery; ‹ The ecclesiastics were not content with the donations made them by the Saxon princes and nobles.' HUME.

Benefaction and donation both denote an act of charity, but the former comprehends more than the latter a benefaction comprehends acts of personal service in general towards the indigent: donation respects simply the act of giving and the thing given. Benefactions are for private use; donations are for public service. A benefactor to the poor does not confine himself to the distribution of money; he enters into all their necessities, consults their individual cases, and suits his benefactions to their exigencies; his influence, his counsel, his purse, and his property, are employed for their good: his donations form the smallest part of the good which he does; 'The light and influence that the heavens bestow upon this lower world, though the lower world cannot equal their benefaction, yet with a kind of grateful return, it reflects those rays that it cannot recompense.' SOUTH. Titles and lands given to God are never, and plates, vestments, and other sacred utensils, are seldom consecrated; yet certain it is that after the donation of them to the church, it is as really a sacrilege to steal them as it is to pull down a church.' SOUTH.

TO DEVISE, BEQUEATH.

Devise, compounded of de and vise or visus participle of video to see or show, signifies to point out specifically; bequeath, compounded of be and queath, in Saxon cuesan, from the Latin quæso to say, signifies to give over to a person by saying or by word of mouth.

To devise is a formal, to bequeath is an informal

We devise only by a legal testament; The right of inheritance or descent to his children and relations seems to have been allowed much earlier than the right of devising by testament.' BLACKSTONE. We may bequeath simply by word of mouth, or by any expression of our will: we can devise only that which is property in the eye of the law; we may bequeath in the moral sense any thing which we cause to pass over to another a man devises his lands; he bequeaths his name or his glory to his children n;

With this, the Medes to lab'ring age bequeath
New lungs. DRYDEN.

WILL, TESTAMENT.

A

A will is any written document which contains the last will of a man in regard to the disposal of his property; this may be either a formal or an informal instrument in the eye of the law; Do men make their last wills by word of mouth only ?' STEPHENS. testament, on the other hand, is a formal instrument regularly drawn up, and duly attested, according to the forms of law; He bringeth arguments from the love which the testator always bore him, imagining that these, or the like proofs, will convict a testament to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find.' HOOKER.

BENEFICENT, BOUNTIFUL OR BOUNTEOUS, MUNIFICENT, GENEROUS, LIBERAL.

Beneficent, from benefacio, signifies doing well or good, that is, by distinction for others; bountiful signifies full of bounty or goodness, from the French bonté, Latin bonitas; munificent, in Latin munificus, from munus and facio, signifies the quality of making presents; generous, in French genereux, Latin generosus, of high blood, noble extraction, and consequently of a noble character; liberal, in French liberal, Latin liberalis, from liber free, signifies the quality of being like a free man in distinction from a bondman, and by a natural association being of a free disposition, ready to communicate.

Beneficent respects every thing done for the good of others bounty, munificence, and generosity, are species of beneficence: liberality is a qualification of all. The first two denote modes of action: the latter three either modes of action or modes of sentiment. The sincere well-wisher to his fellow-creatures is beneficent according to his means; he is bountiful in providing for the comfort and happiness of others; he is munificent in dispensing favours; he is generous in imparting his property; he is liberal in all he does.

Beneficence and bounty are characteristics of the Deity as well as of his creatures: munificence, generosity, and liberality, are mere human qualities.

Beneficence and bounty are the peculiar characteristics of the Deity with him the will and the act of doing good are commensurate only with the : he was power: beneficent to us as our Creator, and continues his beneficence to us by his daily preservation and protection; to some, however, he has been more bountiful than to others, by providing them with an unequal share of the good things of this life.

The beneficence of a man is regulated by the bounty of Providence to whom much is given, from him much will be required. Instructed by his word, and illumined by that spark of benevolence which was infused into their souls with the breath of life, good men are ready to believe that they are but stewards of all God's gifts, holden for the use of such as are less bountifully provided for; The most beneficent of all beings is he who hath an absolute fulness of perfection in himself, who gave existence to the universe, and so cannot be supposed to want that which he communicated.' GROVE. Good men will desire, as far as their powers extend, to imitate this feature of the Deity by bettering with their beneficent counsel and assistance the condition of all who require it, and by gladdening the hearts of many with their bountiful provisions;

Hail! Universal Lord, be bounteous still
To give us only good. MILTON.

Princes are munificent, friends are generous, patrons liberal. Munificence is measured by the quality and quantity of the thing bestowed: generosity by the extent of the sacrifice made; liberality by the warmth of the spirit discovered. A monarch displays his munificence in the presents which he sends by his ambassadors to another monarch. A generous man will wave his claims, however powerful they may be, when the accommodation or relief of another is in question. A liberal spirit does not stop to inquire the reason for giving, but gives when the occasion

offers.

Munificence may spring either from ostentation or a becoming sense of dignity; I esteem a habit of benignity greatly preferable to munificence.' STEELE after CICERO. Generosity may spring either from a generous temper, or an easy unconcern about property; We may with great confidence and equal truth affirm, that since there was such a thing as mankind in the world, there never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate.' SOUTH. Liberality of conduct is dictated by nothing but a warm heart and an expanded mind: The citizen, above all other men, has opportunities of arriving at the highest fruit of wealth, to be liberal without the least expense of a man's own fortune.' STEELE. Munificence is confined simply to giving, but we may be generous in assisting, and liberal in rewarding.

BENEVOLENCE, BENEFICENCE. Benevolence is literally well willing; beneficence is literally well doing. The former consists of intention,

the latter of action: the former is the cause, the latter the result. Benevolence may exist without beneficence: but beneficence always supposes benevolence : a man is not said to be beneficent who does good from sinister views. The benevolent man enjoys but half his happiness if he cannot be beneficent; yet there will still remain to him an ample store of enjoyment in the contemplation of others' happiness: the man who is gratified only with that happiness which he himself is the instrument of producing, is not entitled to the name of benevolent; The pity which arises on sight of persons in distress, and the satisfaction of mind which is the consequence of having removed them into a happier state, are instead of a thousand arguments to prove such a thing as a disinterested benevolence.' GROVE.

As benevolence is an affair of the heart, and beneficence of the outward conduct, the former is confined to no station, no rank, no degree of education or power: the poor may be benevolent as well as the rich, the unlearned as well as the learned, the weak as well as the strong the latter on the contrary is controuled by outward circumstances, and is therefore principally confined to the rich, the powerful, the wise, and the learned; He that banishes gratitude from among men, by so doing stops up the stream of beneficence: for though, in conferring kindness, a truly generous man doth not aim at a return, yet he looks to the qualities of the person obliged.' GROVE.

BENEVOLENCE, BENIGNITY, HUMANITY, KINDNESS, TENDERNESS.

Benevolence is well-willing; benignity, in Latin benignitas, from bene and gigno, signifies the quality or disposition for producing good; humanity, in French humanité, Latin humanitas, from humanus and homo, signifies the quality of belonging to man, or having what is common to man; kindness, the disposition to be kind, or the act which marks that disposition; tenderness, a tender feeling.

Benevolence and benignity lie in the will; humanity lies in the heart; kindness and tenderness in the affections; benevolence indicates a general good will to all mankind; benignity a particular good will, flowing out of certain relations; humanity is a general tone of feeling; kindness and tenderness are particular modes of feeling.

Benevolence consists in the wish or intention to do good; it is confined to no station or object: the benevolent man may be rich or poor, and his benevolence will be exerted wherever there is an opportunity of doing good: benignity is always associated with power, and accompanied with condescension.

Benevolence in its fullest sense is the sum of moral excellence, and comprehends every other virtue; when taken in this acceptation, benignity, humanity, kindness, and tenderness, are but modes of benevolence. Benevolence and benignity tend to the communi