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a fmall wooden box, which was found by the fide of her, and which, as foon as it was touched, crumbled into powder. The two others had gold bracelets, and ear rings, which may be feen in the king's cabinet. Befides thefe, there have been difcovered only fome gold medals, fome engraved ftones, and very few valuable maibles. Herculaneum, it is certain, was a large city. An infcription makes it probable that there were 900 taverns in it. Petronius calls it Herculanum, Herculis Porticum; whence its modern name Portici.

The three ftatues which were first found there by the prince d'Elbeuf, in 1706, were claimed by the Auftrian viceroy, and were placed at Vienna, in the garden of prince Eugene. After his death they were purchafed by the king of Poland. We are told that they were deftroyed in the late war.

At the Villa (near the fquare) the abbe mentions (among others) a fmall room detached from the houfe which admitted no light, where was found a picture reprefenting, ferpents. He conjcatures that this place was deligned for the Eleufinian myfteries, and what ferves to confirm this conjecture is, that there was found in that room a very beautiful tripod of copper gilt.

The paintings are not, properly speaking, in water colours, but in Difemper, the first being mixed up with gum, whereas the other is with fize and water, and thereby fitted for large works *. As it was thought at firft that they were all in Frefco, they were imprudently varnished, fo that it is no longer poflible to diftinguith the manner and the methods that the antient arufts employed in executing them. The finest of thefe reprefents female dancers, and the Centaurs on a dark ground; they are," fays our elegant author, as light as thought, and as beautiful if they had been sketched by the "hand of the graces." He has almoft as high an opinion of two other pieces, a young Satyr attempting to kifs a nymph, and an old Faun enamoured of an Her maphrodite. By his account, nothing can be conceived more voluptuous, or painted with more art. As to the fruit and flow

as

*The Cartoons of Raphael (fo called from their being on paper) are executed in this manner.

er-pieces, he thinks, that in that way nothing was ever more finished. But if fuch beautiful paintings were found on the walls of the houtes, what must have been the pictures? Four of the fe choice pictures were found at Stabia, leaning againft the wall of an apartment, two and two, which were most evidently brought from fome other place, perhaps from Greece, in order to be hung up in that room, if the eruption of Vesuvius had not happened. This important discovery was made about the end of 1761. These four pictures are thought fuperior to any thing that has been hitherto produced: The abbe Winckelman has described them in his Hiftory of the Art among the Greeks, a tranflation of which (into French) is impatiently expected.

Jofeph Guerra, the Venetian, who counterfeited the paintings of Herculaneum, is lately dead. This impofture has deceived the beft judges, and, if we believe our author, the count de Caylus himself; but the editor, by referring to his Collection of Antiquities, Vol. IV. proves that that noble connoiffeur was the first who exclaimed against the cheats of Guerra.

The leaves of the Papyrus, or Egyptian reed, on which the MSS are written, are fingle, thinner than thofe of a poppy, laid one upon the other, and rolled either upon themselves, or round a tube. It was that, no doubt, which the antients called umbilicum, the navel of a book, either becaufe this tube was in the center of the roll, as the navel is in the middle of the belly, or because that which appeared on the outfide refembled it. For this reason, ad umbilicum aducare, was used to fignify a writing ready to be rolled up, and ad umbilicum pervenire, the having finished the reading of a book. One of these rolls may be feen in the 2d plate of the 2d Vol. of the paintings of Herculaneum, where it is in the hands of the mufe Clio.

Philodemus the Epicurean, fome of whole works have been found, was contemporary with Cicero.

Some ink was difcovered in an inkhorn at Herculaneum. It appeared like a fat oil, with which one might ftill write.

As to unrolling the MSS. no man was ever more dexterous than Father Piaggi, nor can any thing be more ingenious than the machine which he employs, and

of

of which there is a defcription in Mr. Winckleman's letter. But his procefs is very tedious, and requires infinite patience. He is four or five hours unrolling the breadth of an inch, and a month in arriving to that of a foot.

Our learned abbe, therefore, has good reafon for wishing that he would felect fome of the MSS. and that, when he has begun to open one whofe fubject feems uninterefting, he would lay it by for a time, and proceed to the difcovery of fomething better. What pleafure, for inftance, would it be, to find, amidft fo many MSS. thofe books that are loft of Diodorus, the hiftory of Theopompus, and of Eporus, or, rather, the judgment of Ariftotle on dramatic poetry, the tragedies that are wanting of Sophocles or Euripides; the comedies of Menander and Alexis; the treatifes on architecture, the rules of fymmetry, of Pamphylus, a work compofed for painters? In these wishes, no doubt, all the literary world will most ardently join; and it is evident, that, in fpite of F. Piaggi's dexterity and affiduity, his work must be attended with many inconveniences. Befides the trouble of unrolling, he must copy the Greek, which he does not understand, and afterwards must write it over fair.

The abbe concludes with an account of the difpofition of the cabinet of Portici, where he fays they have begun to make models in plaifter of the finest statues, in order to fend them to Spain. He fubjoins to this account some criticifms, which certainly will not be much relished by the academicians at Naples. Foreigners will have a better opinion of them, and, above all, they will not forget the promife which the author has made the public in thefe remarkable words: "I am in hopes "that this letter, written in the country, "at Caftel Gandolfo, one of the moft "magnificent houses of my mafter, and, "I may fay, my friend, his eminence "cardinal Albani, and confequently, "without the help of any book, will one "day become a more rational treatise; "for I promife myself the pleasure of "reviewing thefe treafures from time to "time, and perhaps I may begin it this

"autumn."

In our Magazine for November we gave His Excellency Gov. Bernards fpeecb to the Affembly, and in December the

Aufwer by the affembly, to which he made the following Reply:

Bofton, November 11.

Riday last bis excellency the Governor

was pleafed to prorogue the General Affembly of this Province to Wednesday the 15th day of January next, having first. made the following fpeech to both Houfes of affembly.

Gentlemen of the Council, and Gentlemen of the House of Reprefentatives,

"I was fo determined to let the bufinefs of this part of the feffions pafs on without any interruption from me, that I have poftponed doing myfelf justice in a matter in which I think I have been much injured. But as it has not been my intention to pass it over in filence, and therefore feem to admit the justice of the charge, I take this opportunity to make the following expoftulation."

Gentlemen of the House of Reprefentatives,

"Your answer to my Speech is conceived in terms fo different from what you have been used to addrefs me with, that I know not how to account for it, but from the difordered ftate of the Province, which affects its very Councils. I fhall therefore avoid reafoning upon the unfair arguments and groundlefs infinuations which have been made ufe of to mifreprefent me: Time and their own infuffici ency will effectually confute them: Time will make you, Gentlemen, fenfible how much you are deceived, when you were prevailed upon to give a fanction to fo injurious a treatment of me.

What have I done to deferve this? I have happened to be the governor of this Province at a time when the Parliament has thought proper to enact a taxation of the Colonies: It is not pretended that I have promoted this tax; nor can it with any truth be pretended that I have had it in my power to have oppofed it by any means whatsoever. However, when the act was paffed, it brought upon me a neceflary duty, which, it feems, did not coincide with the opinions of the people. This is my offence; but it is really the offence of my office; and againit that you fhould have expreffed your refentment, and not against my perion. If I could have difpenfed with my duty, perhaps I might have pleafed you; but then I must have condemned myfelf, and been condemned by my Royal Mafter. I can

K 2

not

not purchase your favour at fo dear a

rate.

I will however own, if it will please you, that I acted with more zeal for you than prudence towards myself: I have thought it your duty to submit to this act until you could get it repealed: I have thought that a fubmiffion to it would be the readieft means to obtain a repeal: I have thought that a difobedience of it would be productive of more hurt to you than a fubmiffion to it: I have urged these things earnestly, because I thought them of great importance to you; but ftill I have acted with a regard to truth, and with an upright intention. I may be mistaken in my apprehenfion of this matter; but the time is yet to come when it shall appear that I am fo. If it fhould be fo, as I heartily wish it may, an error in judgment, with a good will, and a fair meaning, does not deferve a fevere reprehenfion; much lefs does it deferve it before it really appears to be an

error.

You feem to be difpleased with my making the oppofition to the execution of the act of parliament a bufinefs of the Provincial Legiflature: But, Gentlemen, you should confider, that it was in purfuance of the unanimous advice of a very full council, that I called you together for this very purpofe: It was neceflary for me to explain the caufe of your meeting; and I could not avoid being explicit upon the fubject, confiftent with my sense of my duty. I should have thought my felf very inexcufable if I had forefeen dangers to the province like to arife from the behaviour of the people, and not have warned you against them: This would have been ufing you unkindly indeed: But I could not be fo indifferent about the welfare of this government. I have therefore acquitted myself; I have delivered my own foul; and you will remember that, if any confequences difagreeable to you fhall happen, I have not been wanting in guarding you against them. If there fhall be none fuch, fo much the better: I fhall be well pleased to find myself mistaken.

To justify your unkind treatment of me, you charge me with unkindness towards the province. This is no uncommon practice but let us fee in the prefent cafe how it is founded. You intimate, that if I had had the love and con

cern for the people which I profess, I fhould have expreffed my fentiments of the act early enough to thofe whose influence brought it into being. But from whence do you learn that I have had any opportunity to express fuch fentiments? Do you imagine that I take the liberty of obtruding my advice to his Majesty's Minifters unasked and unexpected, and in a bufinefs belonging to a department with which I have not the honour to correfpond? I have never neglected any opportunity to ferve the Province in thofe offces to which I have a right to apply, and have taken as great liberty in fo doing as perhaps any governor whatsoever. in this bufinefs I have had no pretence to interpofe; nor do I believe any Governor in America has prefumed to express his fentiments against the act in question.

But

You charge me with cafting a reflection on the loyalty of the Province, by wresting my words to a meaning which it is not eafy to conceive how they could be thought to bear. No one, Gentlemen, has been louder in proclaiming the loyalty of this Province than I myself have: I have boafted of it; I have prided myself in it; and I truft the time will come when I fhall do fo again. For I hope that the estimate of this people will not be formed from a review of the prefent times, which, in my opinion, have been made much more difficult than they need have been. But this fermentation must subfide, tho' it is not eafy at prefent to say when or in what manner; and the Province will be rettored to its former peace and reputation.

If I wanted to apologize for my general conduct in this government, I need only to apply to your registers, where I fhould find frequent inftances of the approbation of my adminiftration. And, fo far as an upright intention and a diligent exercife of my abilities will go, I have deferved them. It is not much above a year fince you thought proper, by a special request, to defire me to be your advocate for particular purposes: If I was at liberty to make public my execution of that commiffion, I fhould make those blufh who would pursuade you that I am not a real friend to the interefts, and efpecially to the trade of this people. Nothing is better understood at home than my attachment to this, Province: The public offices where my letters are filed,

are

are full proofs of it; and there is not a Minifter of State, whom I have had the honour to correfpond with, who does not know I am far from being unfriendly to the Province, or indifferent to its interefts.

But, Gentlemen, you will make me cautious how I force my fervices upon you: Not that I intend to defert the cause of the province; I thall ftill ferve it by all means in my power. And really, Gentlemen, if you will permit me to give you one piece of advice more, you may poffibly ftand in fuch need of advocates as to make it not prudent for you to cast off any of your natural and profeft friends: For fuch I am and fhall always be, in withes and private offices, whether you will allow me to appear publicly in that character or not. The pains which are taken to disunite the General Court, muft have bad confequences, more or less. But they fhall not prevent me purfuing fuch measures as I fhall think most conducive to the general welfare of the Province.

Council-Cham

practifed in the mother country. One of the principal magiftrates among the Athenians, however, got a law at last passed, on which the province was taxed entirely by the people of Athens, and the Provincials totally stripped of the power

which they bad for fuch a number of years poffeffed to draw up their own laws, and to lay impofts on themselves. This circumftance occafioned many tumults in the province, the inhabitants of which infifted, that as they were Athenians as well as the mother country, they had an equal right to every privilege enjoyed by Athenian citizens, and therefore could not be subject to any acts in which they had not given their own immediate concurrence and confent. This famous point occafioned great debates; and PERIANDER, (Rt. Hon. Ge Gnu-e) who had been the chief promoter of the law to tax the Provincialifts, food up, and delivered bimfelf as follows.

MR. PRESIDENT,

IS with the greatest concern that I

ber, Nov. 8, FRANCIS BARNARD. hear it a queftion in the fupreme 1765.

Debates in the POLITICAL CLUB.
(Continued from p. 259, in 1765.)

We shall now reaffume our Debates in the
Political Club, which were continued
in our Magazine for May, and for this
Purpofe ball introduce a Question in
which fome able Pens have appeared,
(fee p. 22, 65.) and from the Ability
with which the Subject has been hand-
led, there is not any Doubt of it's Impor-
tance. In order therefore, to enable our
Readers to form a Judgment on fo
weighty a Matter, we have given (en-
tire) fuch Pieces as were pointed out as
beft for the Purpofe, chufing to lay before
them in Matters of Confequence, the en-
tire Argument, their collected Senti-
ments or Extracts; and as a further
Affiftant, we shall give the Debates of
the Political Club on the Subject,
which we shall thus introduce.

America, it feems, was peopled by Athenian citizens; and the inhabitants, for a long feries of years, had been allowed a right of levying their own taxes, in the fame regular manner as had been

affembly of Athens, whether that affembly has a power to make fuch laws it may think neceffary for the government of its provinces. Surely, Sir, if thefe provinces are fubject to Athens, they must be fubject to every law which is made by the body of the Athenian people: of course, therefore, as they have never denied their fubjection to the Republic, they have no right in nature to dispute its Authority; for in what manner can they fhew their fubjection, but by an obedience to our laws.

Let us, Mr. Prefident, only go back to the original inftitution of these piovinces: Were they not immediately created by ourselves? were they not compofed of people whom we protected with our utmost power, and cherished with the moft cordial affection? Could they in fact have ever exitted, unless they belonged to us, and bask'd in the warmest funthine of our favour and protection? Of course, therefore, if they owe their existence to our influence, they owe an obedience to our authority, and mut either give up all pretence to our friendfhip, or pay an implicit reped to our laws.

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'Tis in reality furprising to me, Mr. ·Prefident, that at the moment the provinces profefs fo profound a fubmission for the authority of the mother country, and declare themfelves moft firmly attached to the intereft of Athens, that they should at the fame time refufe an obedience to the acts of the Athenian people, and even proceed to the most public violations of peace to refift the very authority for which they pretend fo profound a respect. Profeffions are very pretty things; but where they are contradicted fo pofitively by the unhappy teftimony of facts, we ought to be upon our guard. The prefent crifis is an important one; if we overlook the proceedings of the provinces on the prefent occafion, on all future occafions we must give up every title to fupremacy. The queftion now is, which must stand or fall; the Republic of Athens or its provinces? if we are willing to give up all right and pretenfions to the obedience of the people thus created out of our bounty, and thus bred up at our expence, let us do it at once, and fuffer them to enjoy their own constitution; but let us by no means pretend to poffefs a ridiculous fpecies of authority over thofe who defpife that authority, and rife up in actual rebellion to refift the execution of our laws.

Here PERIANDER concluded, (fee his former Speech, page 66 in 1765.) and THRASIMENES, (Right Hon. Wm P―tt) one of the most celebrated orators, and one of the mofl difpaffionate men of Athens, rose up and aufwered him.

MR. PRESIDENT,

HE gentleman who has just now

Tipoke, has put the best appearance

he possibly could upon an indifferent argument; and endeavoured by a speciouf. nefs of declamation to compenfate for an abfolute want of facts. This affembly, however, is much too fenfible, as well as much too juft, to be captivated by mere fuperficials: without any great compliment, it can diftinguish matter from manner, and difcover whether there is any folid meaning in an elevation of tone, or a pompous arrangement of

words.

The honourable member, whom I take the liberty of anfwering, has faid, that we have actually created the provinces in difpute, and he has faid right; but let me beg leave to afk, for whofe fake we created thefe provinces, for their fake, or for our own? I am much inclined to think, that unless we expected fome advantages to ourselves, we never fhould have beftowed fo much attention, or expended fo much money for their defence. Therefore, as it was for the encouragement of our own trade, and the increase of our own opulence, that we eftablished them, certainly we cannot fuppofe they are under any prodigious obligation on that account. The whole queftion, complicated as it may appear, is, nevertheless, reducible to a limited point of view it is fimply this, whether an Athenian, if he removes an hundred miles off for the general good of his family and his country, ceafes to be an Athenian, and loofes his privilege as acitizen, for becoming a more useful member of fociety? certainty not; nor did the mother country ever intend he fhould; for at the first establishment of her provinces the granted them a legislative authority, and has fuffered them to enjoy it till the late law, without the fhadow of a doubt, or the appearance of interruption. Can it be fuppofed, that the mother country granted the provinces a legislation, to have this legiflation utterly unneceffary? and fhall we fuffer them the exercife of it for an hundred years together, to fay that they are virtually reprefented now in the affembly of the mother country? Indeed, if the provinces had refufed to aflift us upon any occafion, or made an improper exercife of their legislative capacity, fomething might be faid; but when they have been to far from

acting in this manner, that we ourfelves

but lately voted a prodigious fum to reimburse them for the extraordinary proofs which they have given us of their affection, our behaviour must be confidered no lefs ungrateful than it is unjust, and no lefs oppofite to the principles of justice than the dictates of humanity. Upon the whole, as the provinces in difpute has done nothing to forfeit the privilege due to every Athenian, of giving bis confent to thofe laws which are to govern him, I do not think that even the tumults

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