Obfervations on the Turkish Empire. HE falubrity of climate, and population, is the first at this day in the world. It is the first too in extent of dominion, if we measure extent of dominion, not by regions of territory uninhabited, uncontrouled, and unknown, fave in the charts of general geography, but by the number of provinces multiplied into their natural value and importance. Indeed, if extenfion and fpace were the juft ftandard of the magnitude of empires, the dominions of Spain would exceed thofe of the Ottomans; the Ruffian territories those of Spain; and the British empire, after all its mutilations, would exceed both for befides the islands we have appropriated to ourselves in the Pacific Ocean, by calling them our own, and giving them new names, Mr. Herschel has in like manner annexed to the British domini ons the whole of the Georgium Sidus; an acquifition which will doubtlefs confole his Majefty, and his Majesty's minifters, under the lofs of North America. The vaft empire of the Turks extends eastward to the Arabian, Perfian, and Cafpian feas; and weftward to the Straits of Gibraltar, antiently the pillars of Hercules. The breadth of this domain is on an average eighteen hundred miles; and the whole circumference comprehends the greatest part of the antient world. And hence these extenfive regions derive a value and importance, fuperadded to thofe that we call natural and commercial; a value and importance which the cultivated imagination beftows on the literary haunts of early years, on those fcenes where we find the patriarchs of mankind, the fages of Greece, and the heroes of Greece and Rome. In Europe, the power of the Ottoman race is extended over part of Hungary, over Bofnia, Servia, Bulgaria, Morea, Macedonia, Albania, Græcia, Achaia, Thrace, including Conftantinople, the islands of the Archipelago, Negroponte, Scutari, and ther adjacent territories. In Afia, they poffefs Arabia, Idumea, Affyria, Phenicia, Syria, Cappadocia, Trebifond, Bythinia, Paphlagonia, Eolis, Lycia, Rhodes, Íonia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Taurus, and part of the antient Perfia. This widely-extended domain, including the richest and most venerable part of the preponderating powers in the scale of nati object to even fuctive ons: the Affyrians, the Medes, the Perfians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Saracens, and the Turks. The length of time during which thofe nations were fubject to each of thofe governments, is a curious fubject of fpeculation; and the comparative duration of empires, investigated with due industry and ability, would open an extenfive field of political inquiry and obfervation. The Turks derive their origin from the antient Scythians, known in the prefent times by the appellation of Tartars. This people, retreating to their mountains beyond the Euxine and Cafpian feas, and marking their retreat with the blood of their enemies, refifted the power of the Perfians, the Greeks, and the Romans, and maintained their independency amidst the revolutions of empires. From fome facts recorded by antient writers, and particularly Herodotus, it appears that it was the fame wandering people that made incurfions and effected settlements in Afia in antient times, that poured at different times into the Grecian territories, that iuvaded Italy, and at laft overran and fubverted the Roman empire. Iffuing forth from their hyperborean manfions on the confines of Caucafus, in feparate tribes or clans, without acknowledging the authority of any one leader, they extended themfelves over the neighbouring countries in queft of plunder; attacked even the fierceft nations; and having fubdued Pontus and Cappadocia, fettled at last in Natolia, or Afia Minor.Here they were established when Mahomed, having conquered Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, fixed the feat of his empire at Damaicus. The Saracens extended their power on every fide, and the Turks enliffed in their fervice as foldiers of fortune, and embraced the doctrines of Mahomed. The enthusiasm of religion being now added to their natural bravery, the Turks were invincible; and, upon the decline of the Saracenic empire, the military virtue and religious fury of those mercenary troops reduced under their power the poffeffions of the princes they ferved, as well as thofe of their enemics. The different chiefs of thofe warlike bands, about the end of the 13th In Africa, they have dominion over Egypt, century, were forced to do homage to the Lybia, Numidia, Mauritania, with the fuperior virtue of Othman, the fon of a kingdom of Algiers, a great part of Barba- common foldier, whofe pofterity fway the ry, with Tunis, Biferta, Tripoli, with o- Turkifh fceptre at this day. The promptither places, and innumerable islands in the tude and vigour of undivided government Mediterranean fea. The renowned cities of rendered the Turks more formidable now Cairo, Babylon, Alexandria, Aleppo, Tyre, than ever. Their conquefts became more Sidon, and Damafcus, acknowledge the fo- and more rapid and comprehenfive. They vereignty of the Grand Signior, and look gradually reduced under their power the with fubmiffive refpect towards Conftanti-Greek empire, and, after a long tiege, in nople. 1453 1453 took Conftantinople, the conqueft of which was quickly followed by the fubmiffi on of all Greece. The military fpirit, enflamed by enthufiafm, continued for almoft three centuries after this æra. But moral caufes are more liable to change than phyfical. Military ardour and religious zeal yielded at laft to the influence of a luxurious climate. One generation paffeth urway and another cometh, but the earth abideth for ever. The paffions of nations, like thofe of individuals, grow cool through time.The influences of the heavens are conftant. The Turks are at this day an indolent, ignorant, fullen, and brutal people. The principles that cftablished their government being relaxed, their government is relaxed alfo. Their dominion over the more remote provinces is rather nominal than real. Combinations among the governors or chiefs, the pachas and beys, fet the authority of the grand fignior at defiance; and if they become fufpected of a difpofition to difobedience and revolt, they are taken off, not in the face of day, and by an avowed mandate and military force, but by private alfaffination. This mixture of defpotifm, treachery, and cruelty, is a picture of the Turkish government. -The Turks, encamped in the faireft and richeft part of the world, live in a flate of warfare with their neighbours and with one another. The corfairs of Barbary have fill sufficient courage to attack the infidels. The European and Afiatic Turks avoid all contest with the chriftians, and prey upon one another.From the fultan to the meaneft janiflary, all is a scene of rapine and extortion. The more powerful lay contributions on the weaker. Juftice and humanity are wholly fuperfeded by tyrannical rapacity. The doctrine of predeftination, which correfponds fo well with an indolent climate and defpotic power, aids the natural torpitude of the Turk, and teaches him to bend his neck to the bow-ftring, in obedience to the will of the Almighty. The grand principle which infpires the Mahomedans with refolution and perfeverance, is, that the Mufiuiman who lofes his life in defence or fupport of the crefcent, aves his foul, and palles immediately, through rug ged paths indeed, into a ftate of the moft confummate fenfual enjoyment. This principle is, in general, as firmly believed in fpeculation as ever it was. But the faith of the Turks, like that of the Chriftian, has become more fpeculative than practical: there are abfolutely degrees of belief.There is an opinion that floats in the ima: gination, or paffes quickly through the intellect, without taking hold of the heart, or moving the paffions; and there is an opinion which passes into the nature of a fenti ment or feeling, and impels to action. Such an opinion or fentiment raised the chriftians in the primitive times above the infirmities of human nature. Such an opinion or fentiment raised the Saracens and Turks alfo above the weakness of human nature for many centuries. But the faith of both facts has miferably decayed. However, as oppofition, perfecution, and novelty of opinion, under the idea of conformity to the apoftles and chriftian fathers, roufe for a time a fpirit of enthufiafm among chriftians, fo, in like manner, the fame caufes may poffibly rekindle religious zeal throughout the Turkish empire, And here we may remark, that there is a very curious and important diftinction between that decay of virtue which is the death of free governments, and that fufpenfion rather than decay of enthufiafm, which is difcernible, at the prefent moment, among the followers of Mahomed. In enlightened nations, men find feme pretext or other for their licentiousness in philofophical theory. The religionift has no fuch fhelter for his indifference: his faith is found, however torpid. Lazarus is not dead, but fleepeth. The enthusiasm of the Turks may yet be revived; and if it be revived, God have mercy on the fouls of the chriftians! It is evident that, of late years, one conceffion on the part of the Turks has led to another. The attack that is carried on againft their empire by the chriftian powers is the more fatal that it is gradual. If a general attack were made upon the bulk and ftrength of the Turkish empire, it would be vigorously refifted, and probably repelled.-Perhaps the fpirit that would be excited by fuch an attack, might carry the Turks be yond the hounds of defenfive war. Thefe conjectures, however, are rather within the compafs of poffibility than of probability. he Turkish empire is in a ftate of debility, which will most probably terminate in its diffolution. That religion has the power of reviving the courage of nations, and tranfporting men into ecftafies which defy all that is terrible to fenfe, is a matter proved, beyond all doubt, by the records of hiftory and by actual ob fervation on the prefent fcene of affairs.-The Samnites, worn out and utterly broken by a long war with the Romans, their army deftroyed, their generals flain, and the Tufcans, Gauls and Umbri, their allies, incapable of affording them any farther affif- • tance, as their laft effort, had recourfe to the enthufiafm of religion. Altars were erected, and folemn facrifice; performed between the flaming altars and the bones of the victims. Centurions with naked fwords in their hands, having fworn never to abandon the fight, called the common foldiers L1112 before them, one by one, and required them Another remarkable inftance of nations in extreme diftrefs having recourfe to the infpiring power of religion, is found in the obftinate, and, if we may fay fo, atrocious refiftance that was made against the Roman invafions by the Jewish nation. At this day, the negroes in the Weft Indies bind themselves in their confederacies by certain ceremonies of horror and religions imprecations, when they meditate their emancipation from flavery. In this manner they endeavour to ratify, confirm, and heighten the ardour of their minds, roused by a fenfe of injustice, and fentiments of revenge The inftances here adduced of the animating power of religious rites, are not intended to fhew that this influence is always victorious; for in thefe inftances we find it overpowered by fuperior force and skill in war. But they ferve to fhew that, in exteraity, men have recourfe to the ani atof relt reafonable to conclude, that the Turks may dan faith. As intervals f darkness are not unfavourable, but rather propitious, to the progrefs of knowledge and refinement, it is not too bold an anticipation, to predict the future glories of thofe regions which gave birth to all that embellishes and renders life delightful. When the mind of an individual is iet and fixed in a certain train of thinking, it does not readily fall upon new inven tions. When the authority of a few means cramps the genius of nations, the literati become not inventors but commentators.— Thus, in the prefent times, the enlighten ed nations of Europe are commentators of Sir Ifaac Newton. If the darkness of the middle ages had not intervened, we fhould neither have had a Newton, a Galileo, nor a Copernicus. The Turkish empire is now in a ftate of repofe, which precedes the activity and energy of a new day. It is fallow ground, which, unfruitful in the mean time, promiles hereafter a plentiful crop. The influence of climate, co-operat ing with freedom of government, will in future ages raife up another Archelaus, another Pythagoras, another Ariftotle. If the knowledge of the present times fhould be added to fuch novelty of invention, what advancement in knowledge is not to be ex pected from fo happy a combination of cir cumftances? Repeated efforts, without fuccefs, to introduce among the Turks the military skill and difcipline of Europe, fhew how diffi cult it is to tranfplant improvements into a country bigoted to antient cuftoms.Religion must be eradicated before the Turks can be civilized: but with their religion they would probably lose their national exiftence. A new and corred Peerage of Ireland, compiled from the most approved Aurbori ties, and illufirated with the Arms of each noble Family, elegantly engraved. (Continued from Page 565.) Wefley, Earl of Mornington. HE Right Honourable Richard Colley T Weight Honor Momington, count Wellefly, and Baron Mornington, fucceeded his father Garrett, the late and first Earl, the 20th May, 1781; one of the Knights Companions of the moft illuftrious Order of St. Patrick, one of the Lords of his Majefty's Moft Honourable Privy Coun cil, a Reprefentative in the prefent parliament of Great Britain, for Beeralfton in Devonshire, and a Commiffioner of the Inland Navigation for the province of Munfter. The family of Cowley, Cooley, or, as it is now written, Colley, derives its origin 'from the county of Rutland; whence they removed into Ireland in the reign of King Henry the 8th, in whofe 22d year, his Majefly granted to Walter and Robert Cowley, of Kilkenny, Gent. during their refpective lives, the office of Clerk of the Crown in Chancery. Robert in that reign, was made Mafter of the Rolls; he left a fon Robert Colley, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted Castletown, otherwife young Cowleyfton, and other lands in the King's County, which on his deceafe without iffue, were granted to Sir Thomas Moore, anceftor of the late Earl of Charleville. The aforefaid Walter Cowley, was appointed Solicitor General of Ireland, and was Surveyor General of the kingdom, and left two fons, Sir Henry, and Walter; who was Collector of the town of Drogheda for life. Sir Henry Colley, of Caftle-Carbery, was a Captain in the army of Queen Elizabeth, and ferved in parliament for the borough of Thomaftown, and was of the Privy Council; he died in Oct. 1584, leaving iffue, by Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Cufack, of the county of Meath, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, fons: Sir George, of Edenderry, which family is now extinct; Sir Henry, of Caftle-Carbery, ancestor of the Earl of Mornington; and Gerald, of Ardee; whofe daughter Catherine, married William Moore, of Barmeath, Efq. Sir Henry, the 2d fon, in the parliament 1613, reprefented the borough of Monaghan, He married Anne, 2d daughter of his Grace Dr. Adam Loftus, Lord Archbishop of Dub, lin; and by her, who married fecondly, with George Blount, of Kidderminster, in Worcesterfire, Efq, and after with Edward Lord Blaney: Had ilue, Sir Henry, his heir; Edmond, of Ardee; and 3 daughters, viz. Mary, married firft to Gerald Moore, the rft Viscount Drogheda; and fecondly, to Charles, Viscount Wilmot, of Athlones Alicia, to Sir Claude Hamilton, of CailleToome, county of Antrim, Knt. and had iffue; Jane, to Anthony Smith, of Moira, in the county of Armagh, Efq; by whom fhe had an only daughter. Sir Henry, who fucceeded, married Anne, daughter and co-heir to Chriftopher Peyton, Eiq; Auditor-General of Ireland; and dying in July 1637, had iffue, 5 fons and 3 daughters, viz.: Dudley, his heir; Peyton and Charles, died infants; Chriftopher and Thomas, died unmarried: Elizabeth, died unmarried; Mary, firft married to Sankey Sillyard, Alderman of Dublin; and fecondly, to Alexander, fon of Sir Maurice Euftace, Chancellor of Ireland, by whom the had no iffue; Eieanor, to Norreys, fon of Sir John Jephfon, by whom she had a fon, Dudley, the eldeft fon, was M. of P. for Philipftown. He married firft, Anne, daughter to Henry Warren, of Grangebeg, county of Kildare, Efq; by whom he had 8 fons and 7 daughters, viz.: Henry, his fucceffor; George, of Monaftérroris, who mar red Sufanna, daughter of Charles Wainman, Efq; and had iffue; the remaining 6 fons died unmarried: Of the daughters, Anne and Charity, died infants; Elizabeth, married Garret Wefley, of Dangan, county of Meath, Efq; by whom the had 6 fons and 2 daughters; (4 of the fons and one daughter, died infants; Mary, the only furviving daughter, was the firft wife of Wentworth Harman, of Bawne, in the co. of Longford, Efq; William, the eldest fon, fucceeded his father, but leaving no male iffue, his brother Garrett, became heir, and served in feveral parliaments for the county of Meath. He married Catherine, daughter of Maurice Keating, of Narraghmore, co. of Kildare, Efq; but dying fuddenly at Dangan, 23d Sept. 1728, without iffue, did by his laft will, devife all his real estate to Richard Colley, Efq; who was the first Lord Mornington, and his heirs male, provided that he and they, affume and take the furname and use the arms of Welley); Mary, to William Ashe, of Afhefield, in Meath, Efq; Ellen, married to Thomas Moore, of Croghan, Efq; Catherine, married to the Rev. Doctor Knight; Margaret, to John Pollard, Efq;- The faid Dudley married to his fecond wife, Elizabeth, widow of Henry Bollard, of Dublin, Efq; and daughter of George Sankey, Efq; by whom he had 3 daughters: Jane, died young; Alicia, married to H. Gorges, Efq; and Grace, to A. Brabazon, Efq. Henry Colley, Efq; the eldeft fon, fucceeded at Caftle-Carbery. In July 1614, he married Mary, only daughter to Sir Wm. Ufher, of Dublin, Knt.; and dying in 1700, leaving iffue 6 fons and 6 daughters; 4 of the fons died unmarried, as did three of the daughters: thofe that furvived, were Henry, his fucceffor. Richard, created Lord Mornington." Anne, married to William Pole, of Ballyfin, Queen's County, Efq; by whom the had iffue, the late Right Hon. Wm. Pole, who was married to Lady Sarah Moore, daughter of Edward, the 5th Earl of Drogheda; and died without iffue, and left his eftate to the 2d fon of Garrett, the first Earl of Mornington. Mary, and Judith. died Henry Colley, his fucceffor, was M. of P. for Strabane; and in January 1719, married the Hon. Lady Mary Hamilton, 3d daughter to James Earl of Abercorn; 10th Feb. 1723, and left one fon Henry,. who died about 3 years of age; and two daughters, Elizabeth, born 11th December 1720; and Mary, born 11th July 1723, married 20th Oct. 1747, to Arthur Pomeroy, Efq; who was created and is the prefent Lord Harberton, and has issue, (ift Baron.) Richard Colley, Efq; the your ཟླ་ youngest fon, who has taken the furname of Wefley, as heir to his firft coufin, before mentioned, was fome time Auditor and Regifter of the Royal Hofpital near Dublin: was appointed 5th Auguft 1713, fecond Chamberlain of the Court of Exchequer, ferved the office of High Sheriff for the co. of Meath in 1734, and reprefented the borough of Trim in parliament; until his Majefty was pleafed to create him a Peer by Privy Sea', dated 25th June, and by patent 9th July 1746, by the title of Baron Mornington, of Mornington. His Lordship built at his own expence, a commodious Charter. School near the town of Trim, upon an acre of ground given by the corporation for ever, and endowed the fame with 8 acres of land, and a fubfcription of 50l. a year for the fupport of 40 children, (20 of each fex). On the 23d of Dec. 1719, he married Elizabeth, eldeft daughter of John Sale, Efq; LL. D. register of the Archbishop of Dublin's Confiftory Court, and M. of P. for the borough of Carysfort; and by her who died 17th June 17,8, had iffue 3 fons and 4 daughters; of whom the furviving were, rit, Garrett, created Earl of Morning ton. 2nd. Elizabeth, married 9th April 1743, to Chichefter Fortefcue, of Dromifken, in the county of Louth, Efq; and by her who died 10th Oct. 1752, had iffue, Sir Thomas Fortescue, Efq; born 1st May 1744, his heir, who married Mary, fifter of the prefen Edw. Michael Lord Longford, and had flue, and is fince dead; Richard, late Lieutenant in the 18th Light Dragoons, born 7th May, 1749; Chichester, born 7th June, 1750; and Elizabeth, born the 3d of April, 1745, married to the prefent Marquis of Lothian; by whom the had iffue, and is fince dead. 3d. Frances, married 5th Auguft 1750, to William Francis Crosbie, of Ballyheige, co. of Kerry, Efq; by whom he had a daughter married 23d Jan. 1776, to the Hon. Clotworthy Rowley, late Major of the 5th, or Royal frith Dragoons; ion of the Right Hon. Hercules Langford Rowley, and his wife Lady Viscountess Langford. And his Lordip dying in 1758, was fucceeded by his only furviving fon, (2nd Baron and Ift Earl.) Garrett, the only fon, was born the 19th of April 1735, and fucceeded his father Richard, the ift Lord in 1758; and married in Feb. 1759, Mils Anne Trevor, eldest daughter of the Right Hion. Arthur Hill Trevor, who was created Lord Viicount Dungannon, 27th April 1765, by whom he had iffue two fous; and his Majefty was pleated to advance him in the Peerage on the 2nd of QA. 1760, to the dignities of Valcount and Earl, by the titles of Viscount Wellefly and Earl of Mornington, to him and his heirs for ever; his issue were, Ift fon, Richard, the fecond and present Earl of Mornington. and, William Wesley Pole, an Officer in the navy, and takes the name of Pole, being left heir to his uncle the late Right Honourable William Pole, of Ballyfin, in the Queen's County. And his Lordship dying May the 20th 1781, was fucceeded by his eldest fon. (2d Earl,) Richard, the fecond and pres fent Earl of Mornington. Titles. The Right Hon. Richard Colley Wefley, Earl of Mornington, Viscount Wellefly, and Baron Mornington. Creations.] Baron Mornington, 9th July, 1746, 20th Geo. 2d, Viscount Wellefly and Earl of Mornington, Oct. 2, 1760, 34th Geo. 2d. Arms.] Quarterly, fir and fourth, ruby, a crofs pearl, between two faltires of plates for Wesley; fecond and third, topaz, a lion rampant; ruby, for Colley. Creft.] Out of a ducal coronet, topaz, a demi lion, ruby, holding a spear erect, with the banner of Saint George, proper. Supporters.] Two game-cocks, ginger, trimmed, proper. Motto.] Unica virtus neceffaria. (Virtue alone is neceffary.) Seat.] Dangan-Cafile, in the county of Meath, 21 miles from Dublin. Ludlow, Earl of Ludlow, HE Right Hon. Peter Ludlow, Earl Tof Ludlow, Vifcount Prefion, and Ba ron Ludlow, of Ardfalla, in the county of Meath, a Reprefentative in the late and prefent parliament of Great Britain, for the co. of Huntingdon, and one of the Lords of his Majefty's Moft Honourable Privy Council, in England; his Majefty was pleased to create him a Peer of Ireland by patent, dated the 18th of Nov. 1755, by the title of Baron Ludlow, and he was pleafed to advance him further by patent the 3d Oct. 1760, by the titles of Viscount Prefton, and Earl of Ludlow. His Lordship married in June, 1753 the Hon. Lady Frances Saunderfon, eldeft daughter of Thomas Lumley Saunder fon, Earl of Scarborough, by his wife Lady Frances, daughter of George Earl of Orkney, by whom he has iffue, viz. ift fon, Peter, Lord Viscount Prefton, born 1ft Jan. 1756. 2d, George, born 12th Dec. 1758, and is a Captain in the fft regt. of Foot Guards. ift daughter, Lady Frances, born 4th July, 1757. Peter Ludlow, Efq; reprefented the co. of Meath for many years in parliament; and married Mifs Mary Prefton, daughter and |