SUMMARY.

RULES OF SYNTAX.

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

2. The verbs be, become, appear, look, seem, etc., and the passive forms of the transitive verbs make, appoint, etc., take the same case after them as before them.

3. A noun added to another noun to explain or describe its meaning is in the same case by apposition.

4. A noun or a pronoun used absolutely with a participle is in the nominative case absolute.

5. A noun used in addressing a person or a thing, is in the nominative case of address.

6. A noun or a pronoun used, like an adjective, to modify another noun, is in the possessive case.

7. Transitive verbs in the active voice, and their participles and infinitives, take nouns and pronouns in the objective case.

8. Verbs like give, buy, teach, etc., take two objects - the one direct, the other indirect.

9. The verbs make, appoint, choose, etc., are followed in the active voice by a direct object and an objective predicate.

10. Prepositions are followed by nouns or pronouns in the objective case.

II. Nouns used adverbially are in the objective case.

12. The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case.

13. A pronoun must agree in person, number, and gender with its antecedent.

14. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.

15. A verb must agree with its subject in person and in number. 16. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

LESSON XCIII.

DIFFERENT USES OF THE SAME WORD.

Give a reason for the classification of each italicized word in the following examples :

All:

1. All men are mortal. (Adjective.)

2. All joined in the song. (Adjective Pronoun.)

1. He wrote as (Adverb of Degree) well as (Conjunctive Adverb) he could.

2. As he was ambitious, I slew him. (Conjunction.)

3. The days of man are but as grass [is]. (Conjunction.) 4. We are such stuff as dreams are made of. (Relative Pronoun.)

Before:

1. He stood before me. (Preposition.)

2. Look before you leap. (Conjunction.)

3. She had not entered this hall before. (Adverb.)

Both:

1. Stretch out both thy hands. (Adjective.)

2. She both laughed and cried.

But:

(Conjunction.)

1. Fools admire, but men of sense approve. (Conjunction.) 2. Nought is heard but [except] the lashing waves. (Preposition.)

3. Man wants but little here below. (Adverb.)

4.

Else:

There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended,
But has one vacant chair. (Relative Pronoun.)

Anybody else would consent. (Adjective.)

2. Where else could he go? (Adverb.)

3. I have no tears, else would I weep for thee. (Conjunction.)

Enough:

1. Enough is as good as a feast. (Noun.)
2. They have books enough. (Adjective.)
3. He has worked long enough. (Adverb.)

Except:

I. No one heard the alarm except me. (Preposition.)
2. I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. (Conjunction.)

For:

1. We shall wait for the boat. (Preposition.)

2. I called, for I was wild with fear. (Conjunction.)

However:

1. However busy he may be, he will aid you. (Adverb.)

2. These conditions, however, he could not accept. (Conjunction.)

noun.)

(Conjunc

ction.)

Since:

1. I have not thought of the matter since. (Adverb.)
2. We have not heard from him since morning. (Preposition.)
Since the books are here, we will use them. (Conjunction.)

3.

2. The library was closed, so we returned home. (Conjunction.)

That:

1. That book is lost. (Adjective.)

2. That is the cause of the trouble. (Adjective Pronoun.) 3. Here is the man that gave the order. (Relative Pronoun.) 4. I know that the work will be done. (Conjunction.)

The:

1. The way was long. (Adjective.)

2. The more, the merrier. (Adverb of Degree.)

LESSON XCIV.

SELECTIONS FOR STUDY.

Parse the italicized words in the following exercises, giving a full explanation of the different constructions: —

EXERCISE I.

Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson, must remember the Kaatskill Mountains. They are a dismembered

branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains; and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory. — WASHINGTON IRVING.

EXERCISE II.

"Have, then, thy wish!" He whistled shrill,

And he was answered from the hill;

Wild as the scream of the curlew,
From crag to crag the signal flew.
Instant, through copse and heath, arose
Bonnets and spears and bended bows;
On right, on left, above, below,
Sprung up at once the lurking foe;
From shingles gray their lances start,
The bracken bush sends forth the dart,
The rushes and the willow-wand
Are bristling into axe and brand,
And every tuft of broom gives life

To plaided warrior armed for strife.

SIR WALTER SCOTT.