7. As a possessive modifying another noun; as,—

We sat by the fisher's cottage.

The noun denoting the thing possessed is sometimes omitted; as, He called at your mother's [house].

8. As the object of a transitive verb (or of its participles or infinitives); as,

The boy waved a flag.

The horse, hearing the cars, stopped.

'Tis sweet to hear the merry lark.

9. As the object of a preposition; as,

We spoke not a word of sorrow.

10. As an indirect object to show to or for whom or what something is done; as,

He gave the man a coat (He gave a coat to the man).

In the first form, the noun coat is the direct object of the verb

gave, and the noun man the indirect object.

She bought the bird a cage (She bought a cage for the bird). In the first form, the noun cage is the direct object of the verb bought, and the noun bird is the indirect object.

As these examples show, the indirect object alone is used when the noun stands next the verb, the preposition when the noun is separated from the verb.

11. As an adverbial limitation to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. When nouns expressing time, distance, weight, value, etc., are used like adverbs, they are called adverbial objects, or are said to be in the objective case, adverbially; as,

He held the office three years.

The walk is three feet wide.
Do not remain a moment longer.

EXERCISE I.

Name the case, and give the construction of each noun in the following sentences:

1. Every man's task is his life-preserver. — Emerson.

2. He took great pains to give us all the information we needed. - HOLMES.

3.

Then give him, for a soldier meet,

A soldier's cloak for winding-sheet. - SCOTT.

4. I am monarch of all I survey. - COWPER.

5.

Our fortress is the good greenwood,

Our tent the cypress-tree. - Bryant.

6. They made me queen of the May.-TEnnyson.

7. The colonists were now no longer freemen; they were entirely dependent on the king's pleasure. - HAWTHORNE.

8. The harp, his sole remaining joy,

Was carried by an orphan boy. - SCOTT.

9. Brethren, the sower's task is done. - BRYANT.

IO.

Yet fair as thou art, thou shunnest to glide,
Beautiful stream! by the village side. — BRYant.

II. The supper being over, the strangers requested to be shown to their place of repose. — HAWTHORne.

12. An ancient clock, that important article of cottage furniture, ticked on the opposite side of the room. — IRVING.

13. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up to such a sudden flood of mutiny. - SHAKESPEARE

14. We have no bird whose song will match the nightingale's in compass, none whose note is so rich as that of the European blackbird; but for mere rapture I have never heard the bobolink's rival. - Lowell.

EXERCISE II.

1. Write sentences illustrating fir different constructions of a noun in the nominative case.

2. Write sentences illustrating six different constructions of a noun in the objective case.

LESSON LXXXVIII.

CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE PRONOUN.

I. — AGREEMENT with Antecedent.

What determines the person, number, and gender of the italicized pronouns in the following sentences?

1. The host moved about among his guests.

2. Here is the lady that rang the bell.

3. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

A pronoun must agree in person, number, and gender with its antecedent.

The antecedent of a relative pronoun is sometimes omitted; as, [He] Who breaks, pays.

The relative pronoun is sometimes omitted; as, Observe the language well in all [that] you write.

It is sometimes used indefinitely without an antecedent, as the subject or as the object of a verb; as, It rains. Come and trip it as you go. This is often called the impersonal use.

It is often used as the subject of a verb which is followed by the real subject; as, It is impossible to hear.

EXERCISE I.

Give the antecedent, and the person, number, and gender of each pronoun in the following sentences:

Case

I. The evil that men do lives after them.

2. Not a boy in the class knew his lesson.

3. And the women are weeping and wringing their hands For those who will never come home to the town.

4. He that is giddy thinks that the world turns round. 5. What is that sound which now bursts on his ear? 6. After the dinner-table was removed, the hall was given up to the younger members of the family, who made its old walls ring with their merriment as they played at romping games. - IRVING.

II. CASE-RELATIONS.

The case-relations of the pronoun are the same as those of the

noun.

EXERCISE I.

Explain the use of each italicized case-form in the following

sentences:

1. If I were he, I should not go.

2. It must have been she whom you saw.

3. To whom did he refer?

4. Do you know who I am?

Who do you think will be chosen?

6. Whom did he call?

7.

Whom do you wish to see?

8. Who is it that you wish to see?

9. Could it have been they that called?

10. I am he whom you seek.

II. Is it that you mean?

12. Between you and me, I do not care how the matter ends.

EXERCISE II.

Mention the case, and state the construction of each italicized pronoun in the following sentences: —

I. The great man is he who does not lose his child's heart. 2. I know not what course others may take; but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death'-PATRICK HENRY.

3. It is I; be not afraid.

4.

What do we give to our beloved? — E. B. BROWNING.