The verbs have, do, shall, will, and be are used as auxiliary verbs with the participles or infinitives of other verbs to form tense and voice. They have the following forms:

3. (If) he have. 3. (If) they have. 3. (If) he had. 3. (If) they had.

The verb have is used as auxiliary with the perfect participle of a

verb, to form the perfect tenses, each part of have forming the corresponding perfect; as,

When have expresses possession it is an independent verb; as,

Birds of the air have nests.

EXERCISE II.

Tell whether the verb have in the following sentences is an independent verb or an auxiliary verb, giving a reason in each case:

I. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. - SHAKESPEARE.

2.

Have then thy wish: he whistled shrill,

And he was answered from the hill. — SCOTT.

3. Yes: he had lived to shame me from my sneer. — TAYLOR. 4. The sun had scarcely risen, when the messenger arrived.

5.

Greatly begin! though thou have time

But for a line, be that sublime. - LOWELL.

6. The things which I have seen I now can see no more. 7. The fondness for rural life among the higher classes of the English, has had a great and salutary effect upon the national character. - IRVING,

8. Of all the poets who have introduced into their works the agency of supernatural beings, Milton has succeeded best.-MACAULAY.

II. The Verb Do.

The present and past tenses of the verb do are used as auxiliaries with the simple infinitive

1. To express emphasis; as, How he did shake!

2. To express negation; as, I did not see it.

3. To ask a question; as, Did you hear the motion? When do is used with the meaning to perform, it is an independent verb; as, He did the work quickly.

EXERCISE III.

Tell whether the verb do is used as an independent or as an auxiliary verb in the following examples, and explain the use of the auxiliaries:

1. The evil that men do lives after them.

SHAKESPEARE.

2. You all did mark how he did shake. SHAKESPEARE.

3. She gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
4. You all do know this mantle. SHAKESPEARE.
5. I do not like your faults. SHAKESPEARE.

6.

BIBLE.

Accuse not nature: she hath done her part:
Do thou but thine. - MILTON.

7. Do not dissipate your energies on trifles. - HAMILTON. 8. Most of the facts of nature, especially in the life of birds and animals, are well screened. We do not see the play because we do not look intently enough. — JOHN BURROUGHS. 9. Did ye not hear it? - BYRON.

10. A merry heart doeth good like a medicine.

Shall and will are used with the infinitive of a verb, to form the future tense. Shall is an auxiliary of the future in the first person, and will in the second and third persons; as,

I shall pass the house this afternoon.

You will be too late.

He will bring the papers..

To make a promise or to express the determination of the speaker,

will is used in the first person and shall in the second and third persons; as, —

I will do the errand.
I will have my bond.
You shall not escape.

He shall receive the reward.

Shall is used in asking questions in the first person; as,—

Shall I ring the bell? (The action is dependent on the will of the person addressed.)

Should and would, in corresponding cases, are used in the same manner as shall and will; thus,

I shall return the book, or I should return the book.
You will find the tree, or you would find the tree.

EXERCISE I.

Explain each use of shall and of will in the following

sentences:

1. To-day the vessel shall be launched. -LONGFELLOW.

2. Take care of your spirit and conduct, and your reputation will take care of itself. - HAMILTON.

3. You will compel me then to read the will. - SHAKESPEARE. 4. Shall I descend? And will you give me leave? — SHAKESPEARE.

8. All that breathe will share thy destiny. - BRYANT. 9. Choose ye this day whom ye will serve.