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hand, or any feeling of personal favor and sympathy on the other."

The committee submit to the House and recommend the adoption of the following resolutions.

"1. Whereas Mr. Oakes Ames, a Representative in this House from the State of Massachusetts, has been guilty of selling to members of Congress shares of stock in the Credit Mobilier of America, for prices much below the true value of such stock, with intent thereby to influence the votes and decisions of such members in matters to be brought before Congress for action: Therefore,

Resolved, That Mr. Oakes Ames be, and he is hereby, expelled from his seat as a member of this House.

2. Whereas Mr. James Brooks, a Representative in this House from the State of New York, did procure the Credit Mobilier Company to issue and deliver to Charles H. Neilson, for the use and benefit of said Brooks, fifty shares of the stock of said company, at a price much below its real value, well knowing that the same was so issued and delivered with intent to influence the votes and decisions of said Brooks, as a member of the House, in matters to be brought before Congress for action, and also to influence the action of said Brooks as a Government director in the Union Pacific Railroad Company: Therefore,

Resolved, That Mr. James Brooks be, and he is hereby, expelled from his seat as a member of this House."

The House, after much discussion, modified the propositions of the committee of investigation, and subjected Oakes Ames and James Brooks to the "absolute condemnation of the House." Both members died within three months thereafter.

The session was full of investigations, but all the others failed to develop any tangible scandals. The Democrats demanded and secured the investigation of the New York custom-house; the United States Treasury; the use of Seneca sandstone; the Chorpenning claim, and the Navy Department, etc. They were, as stated, fruitless.

The "Salary Grab."

At the same session-1871-'73, acts were passed to abolish the franking privilege, to increase the President's salary from $25000 to $50,000, and that of Senators and Representatives from $5,000 to $7,500. The last proved quite unpopular, and was generally denounced as The Salary Grab," because of the feature which made it apply to the Congressmen who passed the bill, and of course to go backward to the beginning of the term. This was not new, as earlier precedents were found to

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excuse it, but the people were nevertheless dissatisfied, and it was made an issue by both parties in the nomination and election of Representatives. Many were defeated, but probably more survived the issue, and are still enjoying public life. Yet the agitation was kept up until_the obnoxious feature of the bill and the Congressional increase of salary were repealed, leaving it as now at the rate of $5,000 a year and mileage.

A House committee, headed by B. F. Butler, on Feb. 7th, 1873, made a report which gave a fair idea of the expenses under given circumstances-the increase to be preserved, but the franking privilege and mileage to be repealed. We quote the figures:

Increase of President's salary
Increase of Cabinet ministers'
Increase of salary of judges
salary....
United States Supreme
Court.........

Increase of salary of Senators,
Members, and Delegates...

Total increase......... .....

Saving to the Government, according to the official statement of the PostmasterGeneral, per annum, by the abolition of the franking Saving to the Government by privilege........ abolition of mileage, stationery, postage, and news

$25,000 00

14,000 00

18,500 00

972,000 00

$1,029,500 00

..$2,543,327 72

paper accounts (estimated) 200 000 00

$2,753,327 72 1,029,500 00

Total net saving............$1,713,827 72 The House passed a bill for the abolition of mileage, but in the Senate it was referred to the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment, and not again heard from. So that the increased pay no longer obtains, the franking privilege only to the extent of mailing actual Congressional documents, and mileage remains.

The following curious facts relating to these questions we take from Hon. Edward McPherson's admirable compilation in his "Hand-Book of Politics" for 1874.

Statement of Compensation and Mileage. Drawn by U. S. Senators under the various Compensation

Acts.

Mr. Gorham, Secretary of the Senate, prepared, under date of January 3, 1874, a statement, in answer to a resolution of the Senate, covering these points:

I.-The several rates of compensation fixed | by various laws, and the cases in which the same were retroactive, and for what length of time.

1. By the act of September 22, 1789, the compensation of Senators and Representatives in Congress was fixed at six dollars a day, and thirty cents a mile for traveling to and from the seat of Government. This rate was to continue until March 4, 1795. The same act fixed the compensation from March 4, 1795, to March 4, 1796, (at which last-named date, by its terms, it expired,) at seven dollars a day, and thirtyfive cents a mile for travel. This act was retroactive, extending back six months and eighteen days, namely, to March 4, 1789.

2. The act of March 10, 1796, fixed the compensation at six dollars a day, and thirty cents a mile for travel. (This act extended back over six days only.)

3. The act of March 19, 1816, fixed the compensation at $1,500 a year, "instead of the daily compensation," and left the mileage unchanged. This act was retroactive, extending back one year and fifteen days, namely to March 4, 1815. (This act was repealed by the act of February 6, 1817, but it was expressly declared that no former act was thereby revived.)

4. The act of January 22, 1818, fixed the compensation at eight dollars a day, and forty cents a mile for travel. This act was retroactive, extending back fifty-three days, namely, to the assembling of Congress, December 1, 1817.

5. The act of August 16, 1856, fixed the compensation at $3,000 a year, and left the mileage unchanged. This act was retroactive, extending back one year, five months, and twelve days, namely, to March 4, 1855. 6. The act of July 28, 1866, fixed the compensation at $5,000 a year, and twenty cents a mile for travel, (not to affect mileage accounts already accrued.) This act was retroactive, extending back one year, four months, and twenty-four days, namely, to March 4, 1865.

7. The act of March 3, 1873, fixed the compensation at $7,500 a year, and actual traveling expenses; the mileage already paid for the Forty-Second Congress to be deducted from the pay of those who had received it. This act was retroactive, extending back two years, namely, to March 4, 1871.

NOTE. Stationery was allowed to Senators and Representatives without any special limit until March 3, 1868, when the amount for stationery and newspapers for each Senator and Member was limited to $125 a session. This was changed by a subsequent act, taking effect July 1, 1869, to $125 a year. The act of 1873 abolished all allowance for stationery and newspapers.

II.-Names of Senators who drew pay under the retroactive provisions of the several laws, amounts drawn, and dates of

same.

ACT OF 1789.-The records of my office do not furnish the exact information desired under this head concerning the First Congress, the compensation of which was fixed by act of September 22, 1789. It appears, however, that the account of each Senator was made up, and that each received the amount allowed by law. The following is a copy from the record:

January 19, 1790.-That there is due to the Senators of the United States for attendance in Congress the present session, to the 31st of March inclusive, and expenses of travel to Congress, as allowed by law, as follows, to wit:

Messrs. Richard Basset, $196.50; Pierce Butler, $796; Charles Carroll, $186; Tristram Dalton, $612; Oliver Ellsworth, $546.50; Jonathan Elmer, $414; William Few, $833.50; John Henry, $596.50; Benjamin Hawkins, $615; William S. Johnson, $544; Samuel Johnson, $534; Rufus King, $522; John Langdon, $618; William William Paterson, $514.50; George Read, Maclay, $585; Robert Morris, $430.50; $195; Caleb Strong, $575.50; Philip Schuyler, $571.50; Paine Wingate, $616.50.

ACT OF 1816.-The record contains no showing as to the amount paid to Senators under the retroactive provision of the act of March 19, 1816. The following, taken from the books, shows the amount of compensation paid to each Senator for the entire Congress, exclusive of mileage:

Messrs. Eli P. Ashmun, $920; James Barbour, $2,850; William T. Barry, $2,080; William W. Bibb, $2,070; James Brown, $2,980; George W. Campbell, $2,950; Dudley Chace, $3,000; John Condit, $2,980; David Daggett, $3,000; Samuel W. Dana, $2,640; Elegius Fromentin, $3,000; John Gaillard, President, $6,000; Robert H. Goldsborough, $2,840; Christopher Gore, $1,940; Alexander Contee Hanson, $530; Martin D. Hardin, $900; Robert G. Harper, $1,450; Outerbridge Horsey, $3,000; Jeremiah B. Howell, $3,000; William Hunter, $2,930; Rufus King, $2,660; Abner Lacock, $3,000; Nathaniel Macon, $2,946; Jeremiah Mason of New Hamp shire, $2,680; Armistead T. Mason of Virginia, $2,360; Jeremiah Morrow, $3,000; James Noble, $920; Jonathan Roberts, $3,000; Benjamin Ruggles, $3,000; Nathan Sanford, $2,720; William Smith, $540; Montfort Stokes, $810; Charles Tait, $3,000; Isham Talbot, $2,730; John Taylor of South Carolina, $1,990; Waller Taylor of Indiana, $920; Thomas W. Thompson, $2,850; Isaac Tichenor, $3,000; Georgo M. Troup, $830; James Turner, $2,060; Joseph B. Varnum, $3,000; William H.

Wells, $2,610; John Williams, $3,000; | J. B. Thompson, $2,235.57; John R. James J. Wilson, $3,000. Thomson, $2,022.46; Robert Toombs, $2,ACT OF 1818.-Under the retroactive 006.07; Isaac Toucey, $2,292.65; L. Trumprovision of the act of January 22, 1818, bull, $2,251.97; B. F. Wade, $2,202.79; J. the following named Senators drew the B. Weller, $2,251 97; H. Wilson, $2,178.amounts for compensation and mileage op- 20; W. Wright, $2,120.82; D. L. Yulee, posite their respective names: $2,194.59.

ACT OF 1866.-Under the retroactive

provision of the act of July 28, 1866, the following named Senators received the amounts opposite their respective names:

Messrs. Eli P. Ashmun, $668; James Barbour, $520; James Burril, $762; George W. Campbell, $1,008; John J. Crittenden, $1,007.20; David Daggett, $690.40; Samuel W. Dana, $283.20; Mahlon Dickerson, Messrs. H. B. Anthony, $2.805 56; B. $628.80; John W. Eppes, $584; James Gratz Brown, $2,805 56; C. R. Buckalew Fisk, $848; Elegius Fromentin, $1,393.60; $2,805 56; Z. Chandler, $2,805 56; D. John Gaillard, $880; Robert H. Golds- Clark, $2,805 56; J. Collamer, $1,366 15; borough, $483.20; Outerbridge Horsey, J. Conness, $2,805 56; E. Cowan, $2,$485.60; William Hunter, $543.20; Henry 805 56; A. H. Cragin, $2,805 56; J. A. J. Johnson, $1,273.60; Rufus King, $627.20; Creswell, $2,805, 56; G. Davis, $2,805 56; Abner Lacock, $649.60; Walter Leake, J. Dixon, $2,805 56; J. R. Doolittle, $2,$1,384; Nathaniel Macon, $600; David L. 805 56; W. P. Fessenden, $2,805 56; S. Morril, $876; Jeremiah Morrow, $776; Foot, $2,136 76; L. F. S. Foster, President James Noble, $918.40; Harrison Gray Otis, pro tempore, $261 93; J. W. Grimes, $2,$792.80; Jonathan Roberts, $564.80; Ben-805 56; J. Guthrie, $2,805 56; I. Harris, jamin Ruggles, $688; Nathan Sanford, $2,805 56; J. B. Henderson, $2,805 56; T. $616; William Smith, $774.40; Montfort A. Hendricks, $2,805.56; J. M. Howard, Stokes, $745.60; Clement Storer, $875.20; $2,805 56; T. Ó. Howe, $2,805 56; R. JohnCharles Tait, $952; Isham Talbot, $872; son, $2,805 56; H. S. Lane, $2,805 56; Waller Taylor, $1,080; Isaac Tichenor, J. H. Lane, $2,710 49; James A. Mc$784; George M. Troup, $952;-Van Dougall, $2,805 56; E. D. Morgan, $2,Dyke, $380.80; Thomas H. Williams of 805 56; L. M. Morrill, $2,805 56; J. W. Mississippi, $1,433.60; John Williams of Nesmith, $2,805 56; D. S. Norton, $2,Tennessee, $861.60; James J. Wilson, 805 56; J. W. Nye, $2,805 56; S. C. Pome$568.

ACT OF 1856.-Under the retroactive provision of the act of August 16, 1856, the following named Senators drew the amounts opposite their respective names:

|

$180 40.

ACT OF 1873.-Under the retroactive provision of the act of March 3, 1873, the following named Senators received the sums set opposite their respective names:

roy, $2, 805 56; A. Ramsey, $2,805 56; G. R. Riddle, $2,805 56; W. Saulsbury, $2,805 56; J. Sherman, $2,805 56; W. M. Stewart, $2,805 56; C. Sumner, $2,805 56; L. Trumbull, $2,805 56; P. G. Van Winkle, Messrs. Stephen Adams, $2,243.77; $2,805 56; B. Wade, $2,805 56; W. T. Philip Allen, $2,202.79; James A. Bayard, Willey, $2,805 56; G. H. Williams, $2,$2,088.03; James Bell, $1,083.93; John 805 56; H. Wilson, $2,805 56; W. Wright, Bell, $2,268.36; J. P. Benjamin, $2,210.99; $2,805 56; R. Yates, $2,805 56; J. Harlan, Asa Biggs, $2,161.81; William Bigler, $1,- $350; L. P. Poland, $1,361; John P. Stock5994.24; Jesse D. Bright, president pro ton, $2,131 20; S. J. Kirkwood, $2,361 10; tempore, $6,772.40; R. Brodhead, $2,251.-G. F. Edmunds, $666 66; E. G. Ross, 91; A. G. Brown, $2,251.97; A. P. Butler, $2,202.70; Lewis Cass, $2,251.97; C. C. Clay, jr., $2,251.97; J. M. Clayton, $2,292.95; J. Collamer, $2,219.18; J. J. Crittenden, $2,243.79; H. Dodge, $2,292.95; S. A. Douglas, $2,268.36; C. Durkee, $2,235.56; Messrs. A. Ames, $2,840; J. L. Alcorn, J. J. Evans, $2,121.70; W. S. Fessenden, $2,312 39; J. T. Bayard, $4,865 60; F. P. $2,276.56; H. Fish, $2,237.28; B. Fitzpat- Blair, $3,761 60; A. I. Boreman, $4,514; rick, $2,194.59; S. Foot, $2,292.94; L. F. W. G. Brownlow, $4,588; A. Caldwell, $2, S. Foster, $2,112.62; H. S. Gever, $2,276.- 647 60; S. Cameron, $4,856; M. H. Car 56; J. P. Hale, $887.10; H. Hamlin, $1,-penter, $3,887 60; E. Casserly, $970 40; Z 989.68; J. Harlan, $2,268.36; S. Houston, Chandler, $3,906 80; P. Clayton, $2,600 $2,292.95; R. M. T. Hunter, 2,210.99; A. C. Cole, $970 40; H. Cooper, $3,760; H. Iverson, $2,210.99; C. T. James, $2,210.99; G. Davis, $4,635 20; O. S. Ferry, $4,652; R. W. Johnson, $632.21; G. W. Jones, T. W. Ferry, $3,920; J. W. Flanagan, $2,$2,285.58; J. C. Jones, $2,047.05; S. R. 000; A. Gilbert, $3,680; George GoldthMallory, $2,276.56; J. M. Mason, $2,170; waite, $3,924 80; M. C. Hamilton, $2,480; J. A. Pearce, $2,194.59; T. G. Pratt, $2,- Joshua Hill, $4,083 20; P. W. Hitchcock, 129.02; G. E. Pugh, $2,096.21; D. S. Reid, $2,852 80; T. O. Howe, $3,689 60, J. W. $2,235.58; T. J. Rusk, $2,292.95; W. K. Johnston, $4,705 60; John T. Lewis, $4Sebastian, $2,137.22; W. H. Seward, $2,- 804 40; John A. Logan, $3,800; W. B. 292.95; John Slidell, $2,276.56; C. E. Machen, $552 98; L. M. Morrill, $4,190; Stuart, $2,292.95; C. Sumner, $2,292.95;|J. S. Morrill, (draft in favor of the treas

urer of the State of Vermont,) $4,386 80; | $416,291 20; average per Senator, $5,T. M. Norwood, $4,169 60; J. W. Nye, $2,- 625 551%. 076 80; T. W. Osborn, $3,440; J. W. Patterson, $4,280; S. C. Pomeroy, $3,320; John Pool, $1,620 80; M. W. Ransom, $4,817 60; B. F. Rice, $3,200; T. J. Robertson, $4,374 80; F. A. Sawyer, $4,294 40; George E. Spencer, $4,106; W. Sprague, $4,508; W. M. Stewart, $1,486 40; J. P. Stockton, $1,790; T. W. Tipton, $3,358; Lyman Trumbull, $3,980; G. Vickers, $4,850; J. R. West, $2,468 80.

III.-Names of Senators who covered into the Treasury amounts due them under retroactive provisions of law, with date of

such action.

Under same act, from March 4, 1872, to March 3, 1873, during which year members of the Senate received mileage for attending the special session of the Senate, held in May, 1872, the following amounts were paid: Compensation, $370,000; mileage, $59,002 80; newspapers and stationery, $9,250; total, $438,252 80; average per Senator, $5,922 231.

Total compensation and allowance of Senators under act of March 3, 1873: Compensation, $555,000; traveling expenses, based upon the certificates of fortysix Senators, (twenty-eight having preThere is no record in my office showing sented none,) amounting to $4,607 93, givthat any Senator covered into the Trea-ing an average of $100 17x74-$7,412 58; sury any money to which he was entitled total, $562,412 58; average per Senator, by the retroactive provisions of either of $7,600 17. the acts of September 22, 1789, March 19, 1816, January 22, 1818, August 16, 1856, or July 28, 1866.

The following Senators covered into the Treasury the amounts due them under the retroactive provision of the act of March 3, 1873, namely:

1873.-May 26, H. B. Anthony, $4,497 20; June 23, W. A. Buckingham, $4,553 60; May 21, R. E. Fenton, $4,184; June 2, F. T. Frelinghuysen, $4,644 80; May 19, H. Hatalin, $1,136; August 14, O. P. Morton, $3,922 40; April 9, D. D. Pratt, $4,121 60; August 25, A. Ramsey, $3,041 40; March 28, C. Schurz, $3,761 60; May 9, John Scott, $4,733 06; July 11, John Sherman, $4,336 40; May 2, C. Sumner, $4,445 60; May 22, A. G. Thurman, $4,359 20; March 28, Henry Wilson, $4,448; September 6, George G. Wright, $3,140 80.

NOTE. Several of these Senators, as well as others who have not either drawn or covered into the Treasury the amounts due them under the retroactive provision of the act of 1873, expressed to me their intention to allow the money to lapse into the Treasury by the ordinary operation of law, which they supposed would occur July 3, 1873. After learning that it could not be covered in, except by their order, before July 3, 1875, some gave me written instructions to anticipate the latter date. I am unable to furnish from any information in my office the names of Senators who themselves paid into the Treasury salary drawn under the act of 1873 or pre

vious acts. I have not furnished the

names of Senators who have left increased salary undrawn, as this information was not called for in the resolution.

IV. A Comparative Statement. Total compensation and allowance of Senators, under act of July 28, 1866, from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1872: Compensation, $370,000; mileage, $37,041 20; stationery and newspapers, $9,250; total,

In connection with this were statements, and laid before that body by Senator prepared by the Secretary of the Senate, CAMERON, January 9, 1874, of the amounts of mileage paid in dollars (cents omitted) and 1866, are given. The act of 1856 fixed at particular dates under the acts of 1856 mileage at forty cents per mile each way, and the act of 1866 fixed it at twenty cents per mile each way.

Returning Boards.

At the second session of the 42d Con

gress that body, and the President as well, were compelled to consider a new question flict of State Governments. There had alin connection with politics-an actual conways been, in well regulated State govern

ments, returning boards, but with a view the better to guard the newly enfranchised citizens of the South from intimidation, bold and radical leaders, had greatly the Louisiana Republicans, under very strengthened the powers of her returning boards. It could canvass the votes, reject the returns in part or as a whole of parishes where force or fraud had been used, and could declare results after such made several removals and appointments of State officers for the purpose mainly of making a friendly majority in the returning board, and this led to the appointment gitimate returning board. of two bodies, both claiming to be the leThere soon followed two State governments and legislatures, the Democratic headed by GoverGovernor Wm. Pitt Kellogg, later in the nor John McEnery, the Republican by U. S. Senate. Kellogg brought suit against the Democratic officers before Judge Durell, of the Federal District Court, and obtained an order that the U. S. Marshal (S. B. Packard, afterwards Governor), should seize the State House and prevent the meetings of the McEnery

revision. The Governor of Louisiana had

legislature. Then both governments were hastily inaugurated, and claimed the recognition of Congress. The Senate Committee reported that Judge Durell's decision was not warranted, but the report refused a decisive recognition of either government. A bill was introduced declaring the election of Nov. 4, 1872, on which this condition of affairs was based, null and void, and providing for a new election, but this bill was defeated by a close vote. Later on, Louisiana claimed a large share in National politics. Somewhat similar troubles occurred in Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas, but they were settled with far greater ease than those of Louisiana. The correspondence in all of these cases was too voluminous to reproduce here, and we shall dismiss the subject until the period of actual hostilities were reached in Louisiana.

The Grangers.

So early as 1867 a secret society had been formed first in Washington, known as the Patrons of Husbandry, and it soon succeeded in forming subordinate lodges or granges in Illinois, Wisconsin, and other States. It was declared not to be political; that its object was co-operation among farmers in purchasing supplies from first hands, so as to do away with middle-men, but, like many other secret organizations, it was soon perverted to political purposes, and for a time greatly disturbed the political parties of the Western States. This was especially true of the years 1873-74, when the Grangers announced a contemplated war on railroad corporations, and succeeded in carrying the legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin, and inducing them subsequently to pass acts, the validity of which the Supreme Courts of the State, under a temporary popular pressure which was apparently irresistible, could not sustain. The effect of these laws was to almost bankrupt the Illinois Central, theretofore wealthy, to cripple all railroads, to interfere largely with foreign exports, and to react against the interests of the people of the States passing them, that the demand for repeal was soon very much greater than the original demand for sage. As these laws, though repealed, are still often referred to in the discussion of political and corporate questions, we give

the text of one of them:

Illinois Railroad Act of 1873.

pas

An Act to prevent extortion and unjust discrimination in the rates charged for the transportation of passengers and freights on railroads in this State, and to punish the same, and prescribe a mode of procedure and rules of evidence in

relation thereto, and to repeal an aot entitled "An act to prevent unjust discrim ination and extortions in the rates to be charged by the different railroads in this State for the transportation of freights on said roads," approved April 7, A. D. 1871.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, If any railroad corporation, organized or doing business in this State under any act of incorporation, or general law of this State now in force, or which may hereafter be enacted, or any railroad corporation organized or which may hereafter be organized under the laws of any other State, and doing business in this State, shall charge, collect, demand, or receive more than a fair and reasonable rate of toll or compensation for the transportation of passengers or freight of any description, or for the use and transportation of any railroad car upon its track, or any of the branches thereof, or upon any railroad within this State which it has the right, license, or permission to use, operate, or control, the same shall be deemed guilty of extortion, and upon conviction thereof shall be dealt with as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 2. If any such railroad corporation aforesaid shall make any unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll, or compensation, for the transportation of passengers or freight of any description, or for the use and transportation of any railroad car upon its said road, or upon any of the branches thereof, or upon railroads connected therewith, which it has the right, license, or permission to operate, control, or use, within this State, the same shall be deemed guilty of having violated the provisions of this act, and upon conviction thereof shall be dealt with as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 3. If any such railroad corporation shall charge, collect, or receive for the transportation of any passenger, or freight of any description, upon its railroad, for any distance within this State, the same or a greater amount of toll or compensation than is at the same time charged, collected, or received for the transportation, in the same direction, of any passenger, or like quantity of freight of the same class, over a greater distance of the same railroad; or if it shall charge, collect, or receive at any point upon this railroad a higher rate of toll or compensation for receiving, handling, or delivering freight of the same class and quantity than it shall at the same time charge, collect, or receive at any other point upon the same railroad; or if it shall charge, collect or receive for the transportation of any passenger, or freight of any description, over its railroad a greater amount as toll or compensation

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