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Henry F. Linscott, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Gonzalez Lodge, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

H. W. Magoun, Oberlin College, Oberlin, O.

J. Irving Manatt, Brown University, Providence, R. 1.

F. A. March, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.

George F. Mellen, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.
Elmer T. Merrill, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
William A, Merrill, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Frank G. Moore, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
George F. Moore, Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass.
Edward P. Morris, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Barker Newhall, Monson, Mass.

W. B. Owen, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.
William F. Palmer, Lake Forest, Ill.

James M. Paton, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
Charles Peabody, Boston, Mass.

Bernadotte Perrin, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
John Pickard, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.
Samuel B. Platner, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O.
William Carey Poland, Brown University, Providence, R. L.
Ernst Riess, New York, N. Y.

Joseph C, Rockwell, University of California, Berkeley.
W. 5. Scarborough, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, O.
J. B. Sewall, Thayer Academy, South Braintree, Mass.
TD Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Clement L. Smith, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Herbert Weir Smyth, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Helen L. Webster, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Margaret M Wickham, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, Cal.
B Lawton Wiggins, University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.
George A. Williams, Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Prank F Woodruff, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.
John Henry Wright, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

[Total, 73.]

AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

PROVIDENCE, R. I., July 7, 1896.

The Twenty-Eighth Annual Session was called to order at 3.10 P.M. in the Lyman Gymnasium of Brown University, by the President, Professor Francis A. March, of Lafayette College.

The Secretary of the Association, Professor Herbert Weir Smyth, of Bryn Mawr College, presented the following report:

1. The Executive Committee has elected as members of the Association:

William Van Allen Catron, Assistant Professor of Latin, University of Missouri.
Emma Kirkland Clark, Professor of Latin, Elmira College.

Arthur Stoddard Cooley, Ph.D., Instructor in Greek, Harvard University.
Annie Crosby Emery, Ph.D., Ellsworth, Me.

George Taylor Ettinger, Professor of Paedagogy and Latin, Muhlenberg College.
F. S. Fosdick, Teacher of Classics, High School, Buffalo, N. Y.

James M. Gregory, Principal of the Manual Training School, Bordentown, N. J. F. A. Hall, Professor of Greek, Drury College.

John Calvin Hanna, Principal of South High School, Columbus, O.

G. R. Hardie, Professor of Latin, St. Laurence University.

Albert Granger Harkness, Professor of Latin, Brown University.

J. E. Harry, Professor of Greek and German, Georgetown College.

Otto Heller, Professor of German, Washington University.

H. N. Herrick, Professor of Latin, Eureka College.

Henry T. Hildreth, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Ancient Languages, Roanoke
College.

Arthur W. Hodgman, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin, Ohio State University.
George E. Howes, Professor of Greek, University of Vermont.

Frank G. Hubbard, Assistant Professor of English Literature, University of Wisconsin.

Augustine Jones, LL.B., Principal of the Friends' School, Providence, R. I.
Lida Shaw King, Instructor in Latin, Vassar College.

Henry F. Linscott, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin, University of North Carolina.
John M. Manly, Professor of the English Language, Brown University.

John L. Margrander, Rochester, N. Y.

Lewis B. Moore, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Greek and Roman History, Howard University.

Paul E. More, Associate in Sanscrit and Classical Literature, Bryn Mawr College.

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Professor of Latin, Franklin and Marshall College. 7 Owen, Professor of French, University of Wisconsin. Tar E. Picie, Ithaca, N. Y

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Bronson, Frampal of the High School, Albany, N. Y.

set - Ravel, Assistant Professor of Archaeology, University of California. Lega Michmond Smith, Teacher of Latin and Greek, High School, San José. Evar: M. Traber, Instructor in Lann and Greek, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Col.

When H. Turs, Professor of English, Hobart College.

Emer E. Wentworth, Professor of Engist. Vassar Clüege.

2 The TRANSACTIONS and PROCEEDINGS for 1895 Vol. XXVI) were ssued in Apri. Separate coples of the PROCEEDINGS may be obtained of the Secretary or of the Publishers.

3. The Report of Publications by members of the Association since Jay 1, 1865, showed a record of books and pamphlets by over fifty-five To ensure the completeness of the report it is earnestly requested that every member enter his publications upon the blanks to be sent out in June of each year. It's desine that only those publications be entered on the list which have a distinctly phillingical character.

4. The contract with the pubishers Messrs Go & Co. has been renewed for a term of five years

Professor Smyth then made his report as Treasurer for the year 1803-00:

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The reading of papers was then begun. At this time there were present about fifty members. At subsequent meetings over seventy members were in attendance.

1. Children on the Stage in the Sanskrit Drama, by Professor A. V. Williams Jackson, of Columbia University.

A motto for the paper was found in Hamlet's allusion to the children players in London in the days of Queen Elizabeth (Ham. ii 2. 330). Other instances of children on the stage in the English drama from its beginning to the time of Shakspere were brought out, and attention was called to the presence of children, as a recognized element in histrionic productions on the Greek stage, and sporadically also in the Latin theatre. The investigation then turned to India.

The romantic character of the ancient Hindu plays was first treated of with reference to the free non-observance of the unity of time. The plot of Kālidāsa's Çakuntala was chosen as an illustration of the lapse of time during the progress of a play. The dramatic part which Sarvadamana, the little son of the hero and heroine, plays in the dénouement of this romantic piece (act vii) was emphasized. Also in Kālidāsa's Vikramōrvaçī, the character of Ayus, scion of the king, served as a good example of a youth's bringing about the happy solution of an involved play. Bhavabhuti's Uttara-Rāma-Carita, a sort of Sanskrit Winter's Tale, offered parallels to Shakspere. Kuça and Lava, placed under the guardianship of the sage Vālmīki, become striplings of heroic mould like Guiderius and Aviragus reared by old Belarius in Shakspere's Cymbeline; and in the sixth act these manly youths are restored to their father, Rāma. In the interlude, or masque production, which is presented in the last act of the drama (act vii), the circumstances of the birth of the two heroic princes are enacted in mimic reality before the king. In this scene the banished queen appears before the audience, supported on either side by Earth and Ganges. These latter impersonations, as the paper showed from the stage-direction, were intended to be represented as holding each an infant boy in the arms (tataḥ pravicaty utsangitāi 'kāikadārakhābhyaṁ pṛthvigangābhyām avalambitā sītā). In whatever manner the scene was presented, whether merely by pantomimic gesture or by some more realistic device, none the less, the notion of a child in swaddling clothes is portrayed dramatically, just as in the Winter's Tale (ii. 3) or in Terence's Andria (ii. 6-7). The royal boys whose birth the mimic play enacts, are now grown to be twelve years old, as the play tells us (act iii et al.). Like Ayus of the Vikramōrvaçī, they speak Sanskrit, not Prakrit.

As already noted of the Çakuntalā, the paper observed that also in the Mṛcchakatika the little Rohasena, son of the hero whose fortune has been ruined, is very young and speaks Prakrit in the climax scene where the lad is introduced. This is the scene, so full of tenderness, that gives the name "Toy Cart' to the play. In the last act of the same drama (act x), the little fellow is again brought in to add to the pathetic situation of the last hours of a father unjustly condemned to die. The dramatic character of this scene was criticised with some detail. A parallel situation was cited from Viçākhadatta's Mudrā-Rākshasa (act vii), where a child is similarly brought on the stage in the scene of the impending execution

of a guiltless father sentenced to death. In this play also the young child speaks the Prakrit dialect.

One other instance of a touching rôle played by a child was adduced from Kshemiçvara's Canḍakāuçika. The tiny boy's thoughtless and childish Prākrit prattle 'me too' (mam pi) adds depth to the heart-rending nature of the scene in which the unfortunate parents are sold into servitude (act iii), and his seeming death and miraculous restoration to life, in the last act (act v), complete the mingled woof and weft of joy and sorrow that make up the material of this noble tragi-comedy.

The paper closed by estimating the importance of the rôle played by children in the Sanskrit dramas, as compared with the histrionic productions of other nations; and it favorably criticised the faithfulness of touch and the power of expression in portraying the natural love of children which the Hindu plays showed. The concluding paragraph emphasized several points of interest which the early dramas of India possess in the light of parallels that they offer to the plays of Shakspere.

2. Age at Marriage in the Roman Empire, by Professor Albert Granger Harkness, of Brown University.

This paper is printed in full in the Transactions.

3.

Notes on the Etymology of Atrium, by Dr. H. W. Magoun, of Oberlin, O.

Probably no other word in Latin, or indeed in the classical languages, has had more etymologies proposed for it than the word atrium. No less than seven have been seriously put forward. Two of them are Greek, dopóov, suggested by Becker, and atopiov, once largely accepted, and by general consent attributed to Scaliger, who seems to have been the first to propose it. His contemporary, Casaubon, advocates this same view, and in his notes, animadversiones, p. 99, on Suetonius, Augustus, 29 (p. 37, l. 25, atrium Libertatis), he says: "in medio erat area sub dio, columnis cincta: ideo is locus etiam peristylium appellatur. Idem quoque impluuium dicebatur. Atque hoc proprie atrium est, non atrii pars: nam atrium ab atopiov, significat locum in aedibus sub dio. Graeci napov frequentius vocant: sed aïopɩov pro atrio notauimus saepe apud LXX. & Iosephum.... Extat & apud Lucianum,” etc.

If these two etymologies presented no phonetic difficulties, there would still remain the question of the historical connection to be solved. It can hardly be supposed that the word came into Latin from the Greek through Tuscan and, if it did not, no other bridge appears until the fourth century B.C., which hardly gives time enough for the Romans to completely forget such an origin, as they inust have done to accord with the facts. In the case of aleptov, it is clear that its adaptation to the meaning atrium, which from the late date of its appearance in Greek in this sense is plainly only a case of popular etymology from the Greek side, has led to the error of reversing the truth in a sense and supposing that atrium came from αἴθριον.

Ottfr. Mueller, Etrus. I. 256, draws a comparison, which might possibly be expressed in the form of an equation, between the Atrias on the Adriatic Sea and

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