to have been in narrow circumstances during his two years imprison ment at Cesarea; for the Roman governor, Felix, frequently sent for him, and conversed with him, expecting that money would be offered for his release. That among the Jews, even men of learning, as St. Paul certainly was, who had been educated under Gamaliel, gained their livelihood by the labour of their own hands, is a matter which is well known. But the question is, by what kind of labour was St. Paul, who devoted so much time to the exercise of his apostolical office, enabled to provide so plentifully both for himself and his companions. The Greek term used by St. Luke, Acts xviii, 3, where he says that St. Paul and Aquilas exercised the same art, is σx105. This word, which does not occur in other Greek authors, is supposed to be equivalent to szaroggepos, and is taken by some commentators to denote a worker in leather, either a saddler or a maker of leather chairs which were strapped on the back of a camel. But no man can exercise the trade of a saddler, who leads such a wandering life as St. Paul did; for a saddler has so many materials necessary for his business, that they cannot be conveniently transported from town to town. Whoever, therefore, reads with attention the sixteenth and seventeenth chapters of the Acts of the Apostles, and observes how short a stay St. Paul made in each place, and how frequently he was forced to depart suddenly, must perIceive that the notion of St. Paul's being a travelling saddler is wholly absurd. Besides, the very employment of a saddler is by no means calculated for a travelling trade; for since saddlers in every town have generally their fixed customers, a man of this trade, who came a stranger to any place, might wait there a twelvemonth before he found employment. And even if this objection were removed, it is still difficult to comprehend how any man, who devoted the greatest part of his time to spiritual purposes, and had only a few hours' leisure every day for the labour of his hands, could earn enough, as a saddler, to supply, in an ample manner, the necessities both of himself and of his friends. If we explain oxavoroles as denoting 66 a maker of leather chairs to be strapped on the backs of camels," the difficulty will be still increased; for St. Paul was very frequently in places where there were no camels, and consequently where no such chairs were wanted. Other commentators take cortos in the sense of a "tent-maker;" but the same objections which have been made to the other applications of the word may be made likewise to this. And if Aquilas, who was of the same trade with St. Paul, was a tent-maker, it must seem extraordinary that in the neighbourhood of which couna man, who was a native of Pontus, try there were nations who lived in tents, should come to Corinth and Ephesus, where tents were not wanted. But the preceding difficulties are entirely removed by the following passage in Julius Pollux, from which it appears that CVOTOLOS has properly a very different meaning from either of those already mentioned. This learned writer says in his Onomasticon, lib. VII, § 189, that envios, in the language of the old comedy, was equivalent το μηχανοποιος*. Now μηχανοποιος signifies a "maker of mechanical' instruments;" consequently St. dlers nor tent makers. Paul and Aquilas were neither sadAnd this their mode of life; for whoever posprofession suited extremely well sesses ability in the art, can earn, in a few hours every day, as much # Της δε μηχανοποιός και σκηνοποιες ἡ παλαια κωμωδια ωνόμαζε. Though thus used in the old comedy, and does Julius Pollux says that exnolog was be observed that the words used in conot quote any living authors, yet it must medy are the words of common conver sation, though not always used by authors. as is necessary for his support; and can easily travel from place to place, because th: apparatus is easily transported. It is, therefore, extraordinary that no commentator has hitherto taken cxnvoro195, Acts xviii, 3, in this sense; and still more extraordinary that Julius Pollux has been actually quoted for a very different purpose, namely to caution the reader against ascribing to xvolos Acts xviii, 3, the sense which is given it in the Onomasticon of Julius Pollux. Such commentators must surely have never reflected on the advantages which attend this sense, and the difficulties which attend the others.▾ PERKINS' POINTS. were now produced and acknowle lged; for he voluntarily assured us, that he could now walk with perfect ease, for he had the entire motion of the joint, and that he was free from pain. To use his own words, "As to the pain I have now, I do not care if I have it all my life; that will matter nothing: you may take your medicines, I'll have no more of them; these are the things for me." And prior to his leaving the infirmary, he remarked how very warm those parts were, where the tractors had been applied, and then walked from the infirmary to his own house, assuring his companion Bowson, that he could very well walk to Beverly. June 5th, Walked to the infirmary this morning with very trifling difficulty; was so much pleased with the relief, or rather cure, obtained yesterday, that, to use his own words To the Editors of the Medical and again, he had very joyfully spread Physical Journal. Published August, 1800. GENTLEMEN, YOU have given ample room to the effects of digitalis, and communicated much useful information on the subject of the cow-pox, the happiest discovery of the present age; will you allow a little room in your valuable publication for the following cases of the efficacy of tractors? Having furnished my ingenious friend, Mr. Biron, house apothecary to the General Infirmary here, with a pair of tractors, he lost no time in making the experiments; the result of which I will detail in his own words. Robert Wood, aged 67, on June 4th was operated upon with tractors, for a rheumatic affection of his hip, which he has had for these eight months. During the application of the tractors, which was continued for seven minutes, no effects were produced, except a profuse perspiration and a general tremor. On ceasing the appication of the tractors, to his inexpressible joy, and our satisfaction, the good effects of our labour abroad the intelligence to his acquaintance. Has had some return of pain this morning, which, however, was removed by another application; and when asked how he felt, declared," as bonny as augh,” and then marched off, with a countenance expressive of his gratitude for the wonderful relief he had obtained. On Robert Bowser, aged 37. June 4th, pain and weakness in his right arm, which he has had for some months; after applying the tractors one mi nute and a half, feels less pain, 20 heat; 4o, pain much increased; 5o, compared the tractors to red hot needles; the application of the tractors was continued four minutes longer; as the pain increased so did the heat to a violent degree. moving the arm after the operation, he assured us he was very greatly relieved. 5th, His pain has lessened very considerably since yesterday, but moves his arm yet with difficulty. 6th, He returned home yesterday, and says he slept for near three hours, when he was suddenly awoke by a violent burning heat in the arm, in such directions as the tractors, after which he was much better. Ann Hill, aged 57. Pain on her right arm and shoulder, which she has had for nine months; the tractors were applied one minute and a half, when she perceived an increase of warmth on the part; 30, the pain removed from the shoulder to the elbow; 50, she suddenly exclaimed that she was now cured of the worst pain. "Bless me! why, who could have thought it, that them little things could pull the pain from one? Well, to be sure, the longer one lives the more one sees; ah dear! Well, thank God, I hope I shall be able to wash again, and earn a bit of bread! Well, I can get my gown on now, in the morning I could not, if it had been ever so! Well, gentlemen, I return you many thanks; I reckon you'll do me again, and then you'll pull it all out." June 5th, Had pain in the shoulder once last night, but since then it has been chiefly near the elbow. The tractors were applied as before, a greater warmth was produced in the part than before. 6th, She assures us the pain is now trifling, and complains only of weakness in the part. 8th, As she is now free from pain, wishes to return thanks. ness in the hip-joint, which was removed by applying the tractors round the joint for five minutes only. Thos. Jones, aged 70. Pain in the hand and arm; with some difficulty he was able to move the fingers, June 13. As Wood and Smith were with this man previous to the operation, and had acquainted him with the wonderful efficacy of these tractors, producing warmth wherever carried, and immediately removing or wonderfully lessening the pain, I concluded that the same effects would be produced of course upon his arm. I determined to try if we could not produce a contrary effect; I told him I thought his case differed very materially from common rheumatism, and that a case of that kind was never immediately relieved by the application of the tractors; on the contrary, that the pain was frequently increased for some hours, and that no additional warmth was perceived in the part, and that generally the patient slept ill the greater part of the first night, but that in the morning the good effects would soon be discovered. After applying the tractors five minutes, he assur ed me that the pain was considerably increased; before he left the infirmary, the pain was so violent, that he was unable to move his arm. June 14th, "You are a mere prophet, sir; never did a poor devil spend such a night; I tossed and tumbled about till five o'clock, in such pain, and then I got such nice sleep, and I have been easier ever since; you'll cure me; and if you do, I'll remember you, for I have a good shot, and they say there's plenty of birds." The tractors were applied again, when the additional warmth was produced, as in the other cases, with some trifling diminution of pain. John Smith, aged 39. Pain in the I am, gentlemen, yours, &c. P. S. I shall make no comments. The tractors were made of two pieces of wood, and covered, the one with red and the other with black sealing-wax, and carefully kept in cotton, &c. I have shown the patients to the whole faculty of the house, to whose interrogations they have answered as here detailed, and I have this day seen them return thanks at the board of trustees, taking with them a paper for the clergy of their respective churches, in which they will next Sunday return their solemn thanks to the Almighty for their cures. AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIAN BANYAN, or banian tree, among the Hindoos, is a sacred plant: from its various branches shoots, exactly like roots, issue, and growing till they reach the ground, fix themselves and become mothers to a future progeny; they thus extend as far as the ground will admit. There are two sorts, the pipler, which is the female, and the ward, which is the male. This is the same tree which is called by botanists the ficus orientalis. The following description of a banian tree, in the province of Bahar, was written by Colonel Ironside. "Near Mangee, a small town at the confluence of the Dewah (or Gograh) and the Ganges, about twenty miles west of the city of Patnas, there is a remarkably large tree, called a bur, or banian tree, which has the quality of extending its branches, in a horizontal direction, to a considerable distance from its stem; and of then dropping leafless fibres or scions to the ground, which there catch hold of the earth, take root, embody, grow thick, and serve either to support the protracted branches, or, by a farther vegetation, to compose a second trunk. From the branches, other arms again spring out, fall down, enter the ground, grow up again, and constitute a third stem, and so on........ From the opposite pretty high bank of the Ganges, and at the distance of near eight miles, we perceived this tree of a pyramidical shape, with an easy spreading slope from its summit to the extremity of its lower branches. We mistook it at first for a small hill. We had no quadrant to take its height; but the middle or principal stem is considerably higher, I think, than the highest elm, or other tree, I ever saw in England. The following comprise some other of its dimensions, which were taken with a cord of a given length. Yards Feet Diameter of the branches 121 or 363 Diameter of ditto, from north to south Circumference of the shadow of the extreme branches taken at the meridian 125 or 375 372 or 1116 Circumference of the seIveral bodies or stems, taken by carrying the cord round the outermost trunks 307 or 921 The several trunks may amount to 50 or 60. N. B The dropping fibres shoot down from the knots or joints of the boughs. "This tree, as well as the peeple, and many other large trees in India, is a creeper. It is often seen to spring round other trees, particularly round every species of palm. The date, or palmyra, growing through the centre of a banian tree, looks extremely grand; and yet none of the European landscape painters, who have delineated views of this country, have introduced this characteristic object into their pieces. I have frequently observed it also shooting from old walls, and running along them. In the inside of a large well, it lined the whole circumference of the internal space of it, and thus actually became a tree turned inside out. "Under the tree sat a fakir, a devotee: he had been there twentyfive years; but he did not continue under the tree throughout the year, his vow obliging him to lie, during the four coldest months, up to his neck in the Ganges, and to sit, during the four hottest months, close to a large fire." H EXPLANATION OF THE HINDOO TERMS GUNNY, HARAM,KHAUN, KILLEDAR, SHILINGA, ZEMIN DAR. Gunny. A coarse sort of bags, wrappers, &c. used generally in the East. The materials from which they are made grow in the greatest profusion in Hindoostaun. If the gunny bags and wrappers were carefully preserved, they might become a considerable article of trade, since they have been found of material service in the manufacture of paper. Paper made from these bags, many specimens of which have come within the knowledge of the editor, and some of which have been printed upon by him, might be made as substantial and durable as that which is generally used in England for printing. Haram, or Seraglio. A Mohammedan woman's apartment. The zenana. The haram is an inclosure of such immense extent as to contain a separate room for every woman, whose number sometimes exceeds five thousand. They are divided into companies, and a proper employment is assigned to each individual. Over each of these companies a woman is appointed darogha; and one is selected for the command of the whole, in order that the affairs of the haram may be conducted with the same regularity and good government as the other departments of the state. Every one receives a salary equal to her merit. The pen cannot measure the extent of the emperor's largesses; but here shall be given some account of the monthly stipend of each. The ladies of the first quality receive from 1,610 rupees down to 1,028 rupees. Some of the principal servants of the presence have from fifty-one down to twenty rupees; and others are paid from two rupees up to forty. At the grand gate is stationed a mushreff, to take account of the receipts and expenditures of the haram in ready money and in goods. Whenever any of this multitude of women want any thing, they apply to the treasurer of the haram, who, according to their monthly stipend, sends a memorandum thereof to the mushreff of the grand gate, who transmits it to the treasurer of the king's palace, and he pays the money. In payment of these demands, no assignments are given, but only ready money. An estimate of the annual expences of the haram being drawn out, the mushrem writes a draft for the amount, which is countersigned by the ministers of state, after which it is paid in a coin that his majesty has caused to be struck solely for that purpose. This money is paid by the grand treasurer to the pay master general of the palace; and by a written order being sent by the mushreff of the gate, it is distributed amongst the inferior pay-masters of the haram, and by them paid to the different servants thereof. And this money is reckoned in their salary equal with the current coin. The inside of the haram is guarded by women, and about the gate of the royal apartments are placed the most confidential. Immediately on the outside of the gate watch the eunuchs of the haram, and at a proper distance are placed the rajpoots, beyond whom are the porters of the gates; and on the outside of the inclosure, the omrahs, the ahdeeans, and other troops, mount guard, according to their rank. Whenever the begums, or the wives of the omrahs, or other women of character, want to pay their compliments, they first notify their desire to those who wait on the outside, and from thence their request is sent in writing to the officers of the palace, after which they are permitted to enter the haram; and some women of rank obtain permission to remain there for the space of a month. Khaun. Literally this word signifies lord, or noble. In Persia, it is applied to a prince or governor of a province; but in Hindoostaun it signifies the lowest order of the Mogul nobility. It is a title conferred by |