several monuments, the church of Riddarholm, and the sails of numer ous vessels stationed in the port. Along the shores are forests, green fields, parks, medical and charitable establishments, and summer residences. After a while, numerous islands, large and small, appear on either side, covered with deep woods or cultivated fields, and now and then a hill crowned with a windmill, houses of infinite color, in wood or stone, and elegant villas of the Swedish gentry or the rich merchants of Stockholm, making a scene charming to the stranger and confirming his sentiment that this is the Venice of the North.

At 7 p. m. the imposing chateau of Drottningholm, the Versailles of Sweden, is reached. It was constructed in the seventeenth century, on the model of most princely residences. The guests, to the number of 500, immediately went to the chateau, where they were received in the name of the King by the grand chamberlain, in the great apartments of the second story. In the vestibule the band of the Royal Guards played a festive march. The King soon arrived and received the guests, who were presented to him in the "Gallery of the Princesses," a vast salon, decorated with the portraits of the queens living in the time of Oscar I. The King received all in the most cordial manner. The guests circulated in the splendid galleries of the palace, including the "Gallery of the Princesses." Everywhere appeared numerous art works, which excited the admiration of the visitors. The band continued to execute, from time to time, the best selections of its repertory.

At 9 o'clock the King, followed by the guests to the sound of a festive march, descended to the first floor, where supper was served on five different tables, the King inviting to his the members of the diplomatic corps, the high government officials, and the most prominent members of the congress.

After the bountiful repast addresses, toasts, and conversation followed. Some selections are given, showing the current of thought in prison reform, and the position of the subject with high officials and the members of the congress. The eminent Prussian penologist and government official, M. de Grot, appropriately and ably addressed the King first, and incidentally the congress.

His excellency M. de Grot proposed a toast to the king, and spoke as follows:

For a long time prison questions have occupied the attention of governments, philanthropists, and great thinkers; but the idea has only recently been conceived that in order to reduce crime it is absolutely necessary to adopt certain preventive measures, measures which, to secure substantial results, should be common to all governments, as certain great principles should serve as the basis of prison administration.

It was for this purpose that there met at Frankfort-on-the-Main first, then at Brussels, and later at Frankfort, some gentlemen specially devoted to prison questions; but these meetings were efforts which produced unimportant results.

It was not until 1872, thanks to the initiative of the eminent and indefatigable Dr. Wines, that the first prison congress was successfully held, at which the representatives of most of the governments took part; gentlemen eminent in science, delegates from philanthropic societies, and others. It was London which had the honor

to gather in its walls all these illustrious men. And who should dispute this honor for England? It is the country of Howard, of Romilly, of Bentham, of Maconochie, of Recorder Hill, of Walter Crofton, of Elizabeth Fry, and of Mary Carpenter.

The congress of London has accomplished its task. But each member learned that there remained something to do; that the time had been too short for the preliminary studies and for successful deliberation upon all the grave and complex questions which had been proposed to the congress. Scarcely had it been closed before a commission composed of representatives from part of the States represented at the congress of London met at Brussels, and later at Bruschal, to discuss the organization of future prison congresses.

One of the first questions proposed at this session was the place of the next reunion. Stockholm was named and was accepted not only with acclamation, but enthusiasm, and soon after the commission had the honor to obtain from Your Majesty the gracious invitation for the second international congress to meet in the capital of Sweden.

What country, truly, has so many claims for this second congress? In what other land can be found a king who has so profoundly studied prison questions and published a work of such high merit and well appreciated in the learned world and in administrative circles as this work due to the pen of the late Oscar I, your illustrious father?

Where is the government which follows with more attention all improvements in prison reform in other countries, in the organization of reform schools, in a word, in all that is connected with the prevention and repression of crime, and who utilizes these improvements for his country with so much wisdom and success as the Government of Your Majesty? No doubt the commission well knew that a sympathetic welcome awaited it in Italy, and the Italian Government which, by its delegates, demands that the next congress shall be held in Rome, confirms this sentiment. But between the country of Oscar I and of Beccaria, the commission does not hesitate an instant, and chooses Stockholm.

And on my part, sire, permit me to add, in the name of the members of the congress, where could we have found a welcome so amiable and cordial, a hospitality so large and gracious as that which we have received in Stockholm?

Your Majesty has taken the pains to come from a distance to honor the congress by your illustrious presence, and this evening you have kindly sacrificed several hours to extend to us the most splendid hospitality of your palace.

This is not all. We have learned with gratitude that the Government of Your Majesty has charged itself with printing and publishing the proceedings of this congress, and to put itself in communication with other governments to realize one of the projects of the congress-that of creating a permanent prison commission composed of the delegates of the different countries.

All these acts highly demonstrate the value Your Majesty attaches to the questions which occupy our attention, and fill our hearts with the most profound gratitude and the highest respect for you.

Permit me, sire, to offer a toast to the health of Your Majesty.

This toast was applauded with enthusiasm by all.

The King replied as follows:

GENTLEMEN: I am very sensible to the words which M. de Grot has addressed to me in the name of the congress. First of all, I thank you for recalling the memory of my venerated father in a sense as honorable to him as dear to my heart. The objects to which all our efforts tend are of the highest importance. Society can not exist without law, and law requires that crime shall be punished. At the same time, legal punishment should not tend to the destruction, but to the reformation of the guilty. To my mind, the idea of justice is associated with sentiments of humanity and love for our fellow-beings.

I certainly admit that this great truth encounters many difficulties in its application, but such difficulties will not be insurmountable for gentlemen so enlightened and expert in this matter as you are. Your repeated congresses, furnishing occasions for discussing penitentiary questions, I am convinced, bear their fruits, and applauding your efforts I propose a toast to the penitentiary congress of 1878.

Prolonged applause followed the King's address. He was followed by an eloquent, brief address by M. Pessina, official delegate from Italy, and then by Dr. Wines, who spoke at some length and ended by proposing a toast "to the memory of the man, the monarch, the states. mau, the patriot, philanthropist and Christian, Oscar I."

At the close of the addresses the guests took leave of their royal host and returned to the steamboat, crossing the garden which extended before the chateau, and which was brilliantly illuminated. The masses of verdure, among which allegorical statues were arranged ornamenting the esplanade, produced the most ravishing effect in the midst of the somber summer night.

The boats moved from the shore, but the eyes remained fixed on the chateau, of which the imposing front was enhanced by illumination. This beautiful spectacle disappeared behind a hill and they found themselves surrounded by darkness; but new surprises were in store for them. Numerous villas on the shores of the Mälar were also illuminated, and from time to time Bengal fires revealed the graceful proportions of the islands drowned in purple light. At 11:30 o'clock in the evening the members arrived in Stockholm, bringing with them the sentiment of having passed, thanks to royal hospitality, an evening which they would keep forever in remembrance.

Besides this banquet given by the King, there were others equally entertaining, including the soirée extended by the Swedish members. at Hasselbacken in the Royal Park, at which the governor of Stockholm and state officials and men of prominence in letters and art were present; also the banquet given by the city of Stockholm, at the place last named, where the guests were of like high character; also the excursion to Upsal to visit the great public institutions located there, and finally the farewell banquet at the Grand Hotel.

The general character of this congress, the ability of the members, the discussions on the various branches of penology, its platform and conclusions, mark this congress as one of the highest excellence.

THE CONGRESS OF ROME.

The Third International Prison Congress was held in Rome by invitation of the Italian Government in 1885. The international prison commission had made ample provision for the same, and its work was greatly facilitated by the local committee of arrangements. The magnitude of the labors of this congress is shown by the six large octavo volumes of the proceedings. The valuable additions to the literature of penology, furnished by this congress, can not be overestimated.

The reports, papers, addresses, and discussions cover the whole field of prison construction, discipline, management, and economy. Like its predecessors, it was not a gathering of impractical and sentimental theorists, but of experienced and able specialists, legislators, and jurists. The average ability and high character of the members of this congress and its predecessors give these associations a standing equal to the leg islative body of any country.

The following governments were represented in Rome: Germany, (which included delegates from Baden, Bavaria, and Prussia), England, Austria-Hungary (including delegates from Austria, Crotia, and Hungary), Belgium, Chili, Denmark, Spain, The United States, France, Greece, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, Portugal, The Argentine Republic, Russia, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, and Uruguay. The United States delegates were Dr. Henry Coggeshall, of Rhode Island; Samuel Houghton, of Washington; J. S. Milligan, of Philadelphia, delegate of the National Prison Association; W. M. F. Round, secretary of that association, and Stark Benjamin, of Connecticut. No absence was more noticeable than that of the venerable and distinguished Dr. E. C. Wines, who had died not long after the congress of Stockholm, and just after the completion of his great work on "The State of Prisons and Child-Saving Institutions." In one of the volumes of the congress of Rome is a brief biography of Dr. Wines, the founder of the international congress, with his portrait. The concluding words of the tribute to his memory are:

The indefatigable apostle of penitentiary reform in both worlds, he has valiantly conquered his place among the most eminent philanthropists of our century, and his death will not only be a serious loss to his country, but to all the civilized world.

The character and standing of the delegates can be seen in the several positions held by them at home. Among the delegates, Baden sent a ministerial counselor, a professor of the University of Heidelberg, a privy councilor and director of the penitentiary of Fribourg, and a judge of the supreme court. Bavaria sent a professor of the University of Munich, and a ministerial counselor. Prussia sent a member of the Judicial Society of Berlin, a senator, a chaplain delegate from the Society of Prisons in Dusseldorf, and a government assessor. England sent a delegate of the Society of Social Science in London. Austria sent the assistant prosecuting attorney of Trieste, and the superior prosecuting attorney from the same city. Crotia sent an advocate and the director of the central prison of Lepoglava. Hungaria sent a min. isterial counselor and the president of the high court of justice. Belgium sent its administrator-general of prisons, an inspector-general of prisons, and a director of the prison of St. Gilles. The delegates from Spain were an advocate and magistrate of Barcelona, an advocate and professor of the academy of jurisprudence, a deputy of Parliament, and a senator. France sent a director of a house of correction, the secretary of the Société Générale des Prisons, a member of the superior

council of prisons, the director of the prisons of France, a prison architect, a prison chaplain, a senator, a doctor of laws, the secretary of the Chamber of Deputies, and others. In the French delegation were gentlemen who have an international reputation. Italy sent advocates, directors of prisons, university professors, the director-general of prisons, prison inspectors, directors of statistics, Parliament deputies, barons, marquises, counts, civil engineers, directors of prisons, and many others equally qualified, as delegates. Russia sent her inspector-general of prisons, a judge of the court of Warsaw, professors, advocates, the secretary of the superior council of prisons, and others. From Sweden came a former director general of prisons, a doctor of laws, a member of the supreme court, etc. And so with all the other states.

The practical experience and special training of the delegates eminently fitted them to discuss all questions arising in the congress, and to profit for themselves and the countries they represented. It would be a pleasure to insert here the names of distinguished and able men who were members of this congress, but the list would be a long one, and injustice would be done by omission.

The International Prison Commission held meetings in Rome before the congress, beginning November 13, 1885.

At the first meeting the president of the commission, M. BeltraniScalia, the inspector-general of prisons and member of the cabinet, presided.

An address of welcome was delivered by His Excellency Duke Torlonia, syndic of Rome and president of the local executive committee. The response was made by M. de Holtzendorff.

The session was opened by a brief address from M. Beltrani-Scalia, who for many years has been at the head of the government of prisons in Italy and most prominent in prison reform in his country and always one of the most distinguished workers in the International Prison Congresses. He spoke as follows:

GENTLEMEN AND Honored CoLLEAGUES: Permit me first to extend to you a cordial welcome and to express the regret that we can not also welcome two eminent members of the commission, Messrs. Almquist and Galkine-Wraskoy, who have not yet arrived in Rome. But we shall soon have the pleasure of seeing them, with others yet absent who will take part in our work. Unfortunately time has thinned our ranks, and we lament the death of Dr. Wines, of Count Sollohub, and of M. Ploos von Amstel, whose intelligent interest in prison reform we admire, and whose memory we shall always keep. Honor to those who are no more.

I am gratified to see that other states have accepted the terms of our permanent international commission, and the result appears to be of great importance; for in my opinion our commission, when it comprehends the representatives of every country, can render true service in accomplishing the reforms we seek. Permit me to propose for these governments a vote of thanks.

Faithful to the programme we have traced, we have endeavored to give to the congress of Rome a scientific and practical character. You will decide, gentlemen, if this programme is filled; but if the end is not attained it will not be your fault, for your favor and kindness have always exceeded our most exacting demands.