Third section.

1. Should patronage or prisoners' aid societies be established, and how? Should there be a distinct society for each sex?

2. Should the state bear the expenses of patronage societies, and under what conditions?

3. According to what principles should institutions be organized for young delinquents acting without discernment and placed in charge of public authority?

4. Also, how should such institutions be organized for vagrant, mendicant, or abandoned children?

5. By what means can there be obtained a unity of action between the police of different states to facilitate and insure the repression of crime?

After the discussions in the sections, and again in the general assembly, the following resolutions were adopted by the congress:

RESOLUTIONS.

1. Without impairing uniformity in the mode of imprisonment, the administration of prisons should have discretionary power, within limits presented by law, to apply punishments as far as possible to secure the reformation of the condemned.

2. Reserving inferior and special punishments for certain light offenses which do not indicate depravity, it is practicable, whatever may be the prison rule, to adopt as far as possible a similarity of imprisonment, differing only in the duration and in the consequences after liberation.

3. Transportation presents difficulties of execution which do not per mit it to be adopted in every country, nor does it allow us to hope that it will realize all the conditions of justice.

4. It is not only useful but necessary that the state should have a central authority which should direct and supervise all prisons without exception, as well as all establishments for young delinquents.

5. International penitentiary statistics should be continued in accordance with the system adopted in 1872. The choice of formulas and the details of execution are left with the international penitentiary commission, with the reservation that all statistical information should be preceded or accompanied by explanations. The preparation of the annual international statistics should be severally confided to the prison administrations of each country represented.

6. The congress is of the opinion that prison officers before entering upon their duties should receive a theoretical and practical education. It also considers it essential that there should be sufficient compensation to secure and retain competent officers.

7. In penitentiaries the following disciplinary punishments may be allowed:

(1) Reprimand.

(2) Partial or total deprivation of compensation allowed.

(3) A more strict imprisonment. This punishment may be increased to an extent not affecting the health and in keeping with the character of the prisoner, such as removing the table, chair, or bed from the cell, darkening the cell or depriving him of reading or work.

(4) If the punishments above enumerated are not sufficient, there may be reduction of the food each day along with deprivation of labor if the health or condition of the prisoner admits.

(5) In case of grave violence and rage on the part of the prisoner, the straight-jacket or similar means may be employed.

As to the prisoners awaiting trial, the director should only have the right to use the necessary means to secure detention and to repress all

excess.

8. Conditional liberation not being contrary to the principles of penal law and presenting advantages to both society and the condemned, should be commended to the consideration of governments and should be protected by guaranties.

9. In countries where the cellular system is in operation it can be applied without distinction of race, social position, or sex, except in case of special conditions of race or social position. There is no reservation except in the case of juvenile delinquents. If the cellular régime is extended to them it should be in a manner not to injure their moral or physical development.

10. Whatever penitentiary system is adopted, if it allows individual isolation the duration should be determined by law definitely if a pure cellular régime is in question or in the limits of a stated maximum. Where cellular imprisonment is in force the law should authorize the administration of prisons, under certain guaranties, to make exceptions when the condition of the prisoner is such that his life or reason might be affected by long detention in the cell.

11. The congress being convinced that the patronage of adult discharged convicts is the indispensable complement of reform prison discipline, taking into account the results obtained since the last congress, is of the opinion:

(1) That patronage societies should generally be conducted by private charity coöperating with the State but avoiding an official character.

(2) The congress is of the opinion that patronage should be extended to those discharged prisoners who have given during their detention evidence of their reformation, certified by the prison administration or by visitors appointed by patronage societies.

(3) The congress considers it practicable that distinct patronage societies be organized for discharged women and that they be confined, as far as possible, to that sex.

12. In considering the condition of minors acquitted as having acted without discernment and of vagrant, mendicant, and vicious children in general, we should, above all, be inspired with the principle that it is not the aim so much to administer punishment as it is to provide an education to enable these children to gain an honest living and to be useful to society.

(1) The best education is one that is given in a respectable family. In the second place, in default of a family which guaranties a good

education and would execute the trust, recourse should be had to pub lic or private institutions.

(2) These establishments should be based on religion, work, and education.

(3) The question whether these institutions should be on the cottage plan in imitation of the family or on the congregate, receiving all the children in one large building, may be decided according to circumstances. In either case the number in one establishment should be limited so that the superintendent or other manager can have personal knowledge of each.

(4) Children belonging to different faiths should be separated as much as can be. The separating of the sexes and different ages is desirable for children over 10 years of age. If the circumstances do not permit placing the children of different ages and sexes in different institutions, they should at least be separated in the institution when received.

(5) The education in institutions should correspond to the conditions in which the working classes live and on the same basis as the elementary schools. The greatest simplicity in diet, clothing, and lodging should be provided, and, above all, labor should be furnished.

(6) Work should be organized so that children from the country as well as those from the city may find means to fit themselves for the future for which they are destined. If practicable, different establishments should be organized to meet this double want, and if not, they should be provided in the same establishments.

(7) Girls should receive in institutions an education which should, above all things, teach them housekeeping.

(8) The placing of vicious children in families or institutions should be so as to avoid, as much as possible, legal interference and by means of orders by the court to prevent the child from being withdrawn before the completion of his education, or against the will of the family or direc tion of the institution. The congress commends every effort made in this direction by certain legislation, substituting guardianship for judicial intervention.

(9) The duration in establishments might be extended to the age of 18 years. Liberation before this time might be revoked for miscon

duct.

(10) The administration of institutions should watch over children on their discharge, to provide a home for them in a respectable family as farm hands, domestics, servants, apprentices, assistants of foremen, or established in some other way.

(11.) The control of all institutions should be reserved to public authority.

13. To prevent crimes and to hasten and insure their repression it is desirable that there should be an understanding between the governments of the different countries. This understanding should, in the 23738-No. 2--4

first place, enter into treaties of extradition, which should be revised and rendered more uniform, and into the methods which should be recognized as the most practical to facilitate the execution of the provisions contained in the treaties and to establish more intimate relations between the police administrations of the different States.

14. The congress is of the opinion that the most efficient way to prevent relapse into crime is by a reformatory prison system, together with conditional liberation and the less frequent application of short imprisonments for habitual criminals. It also considers, on this subject, that if the legislation of the different countries would indicate in a sufficiently precise manner the increase of penalties encountered in case of recidivists the relapses would become less frequent.

The congress also values those institutions which are recognized as the complement of a prison system such as societies of patronage, workhouses, farm schools, or other aids as being effectually able to contribute to the desired end.

REGULATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PENITENTIARY COMMISSION.

The following are the regulations of the International Penitentiary Commission, which were elaborated at Stockholm in 1877, adopted at the conference in Paris November 6, 1880, and confirmed at the conference in Rome in 1886.

ARTICLE 1. There is established an International Penitentiary Commission, whose duty shall be to collect documents and information relative to the prevention and repression of crime, and to prison management, for the purpose of informing governments upon general methods for preventing the violation of penal laws, and to secure the repression of crime by the reformation of criminals.

ART. 2. This commission shall be composed of delegates from different governments who will unite in the work above indicated. It will receive all communications, written or verbal, from those interested in the work in which the commission 18 engaged.

ART. 3. Each country can appoint one or more delegates. In the latter case, however, each government will have but one vote.

ART. 4. The commission will usually meet once in two years, successively in each of the countries which adhere to the regulations. It will fix and publish the date and place of its reunions.

ART. 5. It will name, at its regular reunion, its executive committee, composed of the president and a vice-president, who will be charged with the duties of treasurer and secretary.

ART. 6. The commission will publish in the French language, either in full or by abstract, in its bulletin:

First, laws and regulations relative to prisons which are enacted by different gov ernments; second, projects of law on this subject, with reports which precede them; third, reports on the questions admitted to the programme of the International Prison Congresses; fourth, articles or original memoirs upon subjects kindred to the above, and which will be recognized to be of general interest. It will organize an international system of prison statistics.

ART. 7. In its reunions, the commission will discuss the questions submitted by the executive committee. Each member may submit to the committee questions for discussion. These questions should be addressed to the president at least 3 months before the reunion of the commission. Every discussion shall be recorded in the proceedings of the commission, with the names of the persons taking part.

ART. 8. After an understanding with the different governments the commission will fix the date and place of the International Prison Congresses, will prepare the programme, and will adopt, each time, the regulations for these reunions.

ART. 9. There will be an interval of at least 5 years between the congresses. ART. 10. The commission will open correspondence with the prison societies existing in the different countries and seek to secure the creation of similar associations. It will also put itself in communication with persons who, on account of their special knowledge and their experience, can reuder service in this work.

ART. 11. To meet the expenses of the publication of the proceedings of the commission, of circulars, reports, inquiries, correspondence, etc., the commission allows each year to its officers the sum of 8,000 to 15,000 francs, which will be furnished by contributions of the states at the rate of 25 francs, the minimum, and 50 francs, the maximum, per million inhabitants. The delegates will deposit at each reunion in the hands of the member designated by the commission the contribution of the government they represent.

ART. 12. The executive committee will execute the order of the commission. It will convoke the reunion and fix the order of business in the intervals of the meetings of the commission and will charge itself with the management of the affairs.

ART. 13. It will consult the members of the commission by circulars whenever deemed necessary.

ART. 14. The Secretary will have charge of all correspondence, collecting the documents, and preserving the records.

ART. 15. All acts of the executive committee, circulars, and propositions shall have attached thereto the signatures of the president or vice-president, and of the secretary.

ART. 16. The executive committee will present each year to the commission a report of its management, the budget estimates, and the accounts. These reports, as well as the proceedings of the sessions of the commission shall be sent to the governments interested.

The delegates from the United States were J. B. Brittinger, Pennsylvania; W. Bushnell, Ohio; J. L. Milligan, Pennsylvania; B. Stark, Connecticut; J. L. Stevens, United States minister; Mrs. M. A. Stone, Mrs. Henry R. Tonne, F. H. Wines, Mrs. Emma S. Wines, and Dr. E. C. Wines, the delegate of the United States Government.

BANQUETS IN HONOR OF THE STOCKHOLM CONGRESS.

A description of the banquets tendered in honor of the congress fill about 100 printed pages of the proceedings. A full translation would be found to be interesting, and would throw much light, by the addresses delivered, on the estimate of the government for the congress and the labors it was there to perform. But only some extracts can be given of the festival at the chateau of Drottningholm, to which the King invited the members August 24, at 6 o'clock p. m. This castle is situated on an island in Lake Mälar, about 6 miles from Stockholm. The journey was made on two steamboats, placed to the order of the congress. A number of high state officials went with the members. The evening was warm and most magnificent and the shores of the lake were very attractive. The city presented a most charming view from the Mälar. The center of the city appeared crowned by the imposing royal, rectangular residence, which is in remarkable contrast to the slender forms of