one on account of its great extent, wise selection of articles exhibited, and by its classification. The first striking feature was the historical study of the penalties from the time of the Hebrews to the present.

There was a series of photographs devoted to the subjects which were very interesting. There was a passage from the record of the Bastile relative to the prisoner with the iron mask; there were lettres de cachet which put Voltaire and Latude in that prison; the box which Latude sent to Madame de Pompadour and in which he was inclosed; an authentic pillory, and the fetters formerly used, at the side of those now in use. There were representations of the Bastile, Vincennes, the chateau of Clisson, and the Conciergerie; Loches and Fontevrault, the first cellular prisons; the model of a remarkable cell for a prisoner condemned to death; section of a cell for night isolation; interesting models from an agricultural colony, and others from a maritime colony for minors. There was also a fine exhibit of prison labor.

It is natural that the Italian section should find place for the fine arts, for music and for engraving. Tradesmen saw with much interest the model of the great agricultural penal colony of Tre Fontane in an ancient abbey of the Trappists, not far from Rome. In this exhibit there was also a collection of wines made by prisoners that merited special notice. The display from Japan was interesting and well conducted. That country has given close attention to the study of prison questions. Among the most practical submitted to the congress were those from that Government.

In the great Russian exhibit, spinning and weaving were prominent, including work from different prisons and interesting specimens of cloth of excellent quality. In the cellular system in use in Russia, weaving is generally done by the prisoner with the loom in his cell. And it is often so with all kinds of prison labor there, from the simplest labor required of a short-time prisoner, like twisting hempen strings, to the carving in wood, cabinet making, weaving, etc. In this section were specimens of white silk made in the prisons of Taschent.

The prison known as the "Chateau of Lithuanie," in St. Petersburg, exhibited ropes, mats, and articles made from straw, machines, and useful agricultural tools. The correctional establishments of the capital occupied the first ranks in tinware, in carpentry, in cabinet work, and in turning. It was interesting to see in the Russian section, as well as in the exposition generally, the thoughtful care that has been given in the European prison administration to supply varied labor adapted to long and short terms, to both unskilled and skilled hands, and to all conditions mentally and physically, to insure as far as possible employment for all. The Russians have many industries with which the people are familiar, and which can be readily adapted to prison life. The climate there, as in other countries, plays its role in the selection of work, as well as the usual productions, trades, etc.

The feature of the Russian exhibit which attracted marked attention

was that section in which were shown the interior and exterior plans of some of the principal prisons of western Russia, including the great new cellular prison of Viborg, in the capital, the great prison on the island of Saghalien, and the models of large steamboats for the transportation of prisoners to remote parts of Siberia. The miniature copy of the Viborg prison was upon a platform about 3 feet high, and the buildings were but a few inches high and remarkably well made. Not only the exterior was shown of the whole prison, but the cell interior, the size of the rooms, the beds, the means of heating, lighting, ventilation, the appliances for labor, etc. This prison is for about 1,000 convicts, and is considered one of the most perfect, if not the best, in the opinion of some, that has ever yet been constructed in any country. All branches of service in this prison have been carried to the highest extent that European experience, study, and observation could take them. And this perfection has not been reached to make prison life desirable, but intelligently humane, to the end that the prisoner while in confinement should have pure air, light, labor, reformatory treatment, all reasonable assistance to aid-while he is undergoing due punishment to restoration of manhood and self-support.

The sectional and other views of models of the great barges used on the Volga and on the other rivers of Siberia, for the transportation of prisoners, attracted much attention. These models were about 6 to 8 feet long and represented ships, steamers constructed in the most approved and artistic manner, as though for speed as well as for utility. The barges were represented by half the boat cut through the center lengthwise from the top to the bottom, showing the several decks with the cells for prisoners upon each side. The Government, in the construction of these steamers, has evidently labored to carry this service. to the highest perfection possible. All sanitary needs have had careful attention as well as the security of the convicts under transportation. The steamer Nijni-Novgorod, exhibited there by model, is the one used to transport prisoners to the island of Saghalien.

There were also models of the station houses provided for exiles sent overland by wagons to Siberia. There was altogether quite a full exhibit of the various modes for transporting prisoners. There seemed to be no reserve on the part of the Government, so far as the exposition showed, in exhibiting the features of transportation.

It is certain that America could have made in this congress an exhibit that would have reflected great credit on the management of American prisons. There were frequent expressions of regret from Europeans that America had no exhibit, with the hope that we would have our prison system presented at the exposition of the congress to be held in Paris in 1895.

If any evidence were wanting to prove there had been progress in the administration of prisons, it was furnished by this great exposition. It showed that in all lands prison labor was utilized for the great bene

fit of both the convicts and the state. It showed that no longer was there confinement in dungeons without proper air, without exercise, and without labor, which was formerly considered by the Government as the proper treatment. This exhibition was evidence that penology had reached nearer than ever the condition of one of the exact sciences. Previous to 1886 the labor of convicts was not well organized in the prisons of Russia. In that year the council of the Empire perfected a plan which was approved by the Emperor. Previous to 1886 the labor of prisoners did not constitute an essential part of their punishment. Labor was only partially organized in a limited number of prisons, pref erence being given to work in cells. The province of Vistula was most noted for prison labor, but even there it could be only imperfectly organ. ized, owing to the condition of the buildings and the congregate régime of the prisoners. New prisons, or the remodeling of the old, were needed before labor could be successfully carried on. By virtue of the regulations of 1886, the directors of the prisons were charged with the care of providing the prisoners with labor and with the management of the convicts in the workshops. Thus the prisoners, for whom labor became obligatory, were for the first time classed as laborers and their work for the different seasons definitely regulated.

According to the regulations, the prisoners receive as remuneration a discount in the cost of the material employed in the work-for those condemned to prison, 40 per cent.; for those committed to correctional institutions, 33 per cent., and for exiled convicts, 10 per cent. One-half of the excess goes into the treasury of the Government and the other goes to the prison. The prisoners who participate voluntarily in the work of the prisons receive 60 per cent. of the common profit. The remaining 40 per cent. goes to the prison. In case the convicts engage in work not provided by the prison, such as work for which there are no proper tools, work which requires special knowledge or exceptional skill, their earnings are to undergo no reduction. The proportion of the profit of the prisoners is fixed in each institution by special regulations issued by the administration general of prisons. The compensation to which the prisoner is entitled can not be converted to other purposes In case of his death, it goes to his heirs.

The three years which have elapsed since this new law of Russia came into operation do not afford time enough to determine accurately the results. There has been great difficulty in the execution of the law. The prisons were not of suitable construction, and then the Russians are an agricultural people, and a convict from that class must learn the trade to which he is set. He becomes an apprentice. In the localities where there are mechanics there is the same disadvantage, for the workman outside labors on a section of the article being constructed, and can work in prison only on the part with which he has experience. A great difficulty in modifying prisons to introduce labor has been the serious want of funds. To make shops in prison, to supply

tools or machinery, much money is required. Capital is also required to supply material. Then the location of a prison in a sparse popula tion where there are few to purchase the articles produced is another hindrance. The quality of the articles made by this labor, which is often rude, is such that they can not come into competition with the produets of skilled labor, and in this way their sale is hindered. The effect of prison labor ou free labor is one which has often been discussed in this and in other countries, and free labor has never encouraged prison labor. This influence tends to lower the prices of prison products.

These are some of the obstacles which come in the way of prison labor in Russia and generally in other countries. But on the whole, notwithstanding these unfavorable influences, there has been in Russia a steady advance in the work of establishing labor in the prisons and with beneficial results. If it has not always proved remunerative on the capital invested, the system so far as developed has given the prisoners a fixed and permanent employment which is essential to reformatory régime and to prevent relapses into crime by teaching trades whereby the conviet becomes self-supporting.

Outside of prisons, the city authorities have employed convicts on the streets with good results, while on the shores of great rivers they have been employed in loading and unloading vessels.

They have also been employed with advantage on public works. The work on the construction of the highway of Kief-Jitonrir, in the government of Valhynie, and that on the bridge over the Téteref River have proved a remarkable economy for the state. Their employment in the construction of the Stavropal road and the aqueduct of Tiflis was also satisfactory.

The organization of this labor was to interest the prisoners, to assure them a portion of the earnings, and to lead them to exercise a surveillance over each other which would prevent negligence or flight while at work. It is through the execution of the law of 1886 that Russia has organized her prison labor, and it is by reason of such prison labor that it has been able to make the extensive exhibit in the exposition of the Prison Congress of St. Petersburg. And the share which Russia has in this great exhibit sufficiently demonstrates the advance of that country in prison reform, and especially in its most important feature, that of employment for prisoners.

In the proceedings, the views of some of the members are given on this subject.

REGULAR SESSIONS OF THE CONGRESS.

Monday, June 16, at 10 a. m., the members of the three sections of the International Prison Congress met in their respective rooms in the Palace of the Assembly of the Nobility. Each room was a large hall, convenient, well lighted, and appropriate. Mr. Galkine-Wraskoy, as president of the commission of organization and president of the Inter

national Prison Commission, attended successively the three sections and opened the business. He requested each of the sections to name its several officers. On these occasions he expressed the hope that the congress would thoroughly dispose of all questions and business which should come before it and leave no unfinished business for the next congress. In compliance with the request of Mr. Wraskoy the several sections appointed the following officers:

Section 1.-President, Mr. Pols, Netherlands; vice presidents, Mr. Annerstedt, Sweden; Mr. Canonico, Italy; Mr. Dumas, France; Mr. Föhring, Hamburg; Mr. Milenko-Wesnitch, Servia; and Dr. Stark, Prussia. Secretary, Mr. Golovine; assistant secretaries, Mr. Rasselli, Mr. de Brevern, Mr. Tcherman, Mr. Gifkovitch, and Mr. Bogdanian; attachés, Baron de Heyking, Mr. de Reutern, Mr. Kahl, and Mr. Coudrine.

Section 2.-President, Mr. Goos, Denmark; vice presidents, Mr. Blanc, France; Mr. Jahn, Saxony; Mr. Ihling, Prussia; Mr. Prins, Belgium; Mr. Randall, United States; Mr. Woxen, Norway; and Mr. Yvernè, France. Secretary, Baron de Taubé; assistant secretaries, Baron de Graevenitz, Baron de Meyendorff, Baron de Stahl de Holstein, and Mr. Verevkine; attachés, Mr. Mouraview-Apostol Carabyine, Count Hendrikow, Mr. Henri Pessina, and Mr. Victor Almquist.

Section 3.-President, Mr. de Jagemann; vice presidents, Mr. Ferreira Deusdato, Portugal; Mr. Fetzer, Würtemburg; Mr. Nocito, Italy; Mr. Hill, England; Mr. Stoos, Switzerland; and Mr. Voisin, France. Secretaries, Mr. Tsekhanovetsky; assistant secretaries, Count Keller, Mr. Batorsky, Mr. Listchinsky, Mr. Poutilow, and Mr. Kamenetsky; attachés, Mr. Ostafiew, Mr. Priklonsky, Mr. Ponomarew, and Mr. Mark. The several sections after naming their officers and completing their organization fixed the order of business for the next session, and adjourned to meet the next day in the forenoon.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

At 11 o'clock in the forenoon of June 16 the three sections met in general assembly in the great hall of the Assembly of the Nobility for organization. At this place it may be as well to give a list of the members to show their number, names, and the various countries. represented. Aside from the Russian delegation there were about 125 foreign delegates present. With the Russian members there were over 200 in all. The names of the Russian delegates are given only in part in this list.

LIST OF MEMBERS:

Baden. Mr. Adolf Fuchs, privy counselor of finance at Carlsruhe, official delegate.

Dr. Gutsch, privy councilor and former chief physician of the prisons of Bruschal, member of the central committee of the Society of Patron. age, official delegate.