786 tion of John, noticed, German Mediæval Art. Article, 533 Lange's Commentary on the Revela- Le Conte (Joseph), Religion and 417 Lewes (G. H.), Problems of Life and 418 356 589 186 .09 337 187 noticed, Minority Representation. 410 A. B. Mason, Green (W. H.), The Argument of the 605 204 Missions, Christian, and some of their Morris (E. E.), Epochs of History, 414 Morris (Geo. S.), Friedrich Adolf 420 Moses (Bernard), The Negotiations 206 Müller (F. Max), On Missions, no- 598 Music, The Emotions in. Article, 421 412 257 594 My Clerical Friends and their Rela- - 107 Neill (H.), Reminiscences of Dr. 791 Nordheimer (I.), Reminiscences of, 191 Norton (W. A.), Prevalent Miscon- 674 506 506 268 602 Pickering (T.), Life, noticed, - Revivals of Religion. Article, W. the true doctrine respecting? Ar- Sectarism, Alliance, and the Basis Sewall (J. S.), Primitive Culture. 588 356 Tyerman (L.), The Oxford Metho- Tylor (E. B.), Primitive Culture, re- Tytler (Sarah), The Old Masters and 337 Ueberweg's History of Philosophy. 213 Ulrici, Gott und die Natur, re- 287 1 16 598 213 598 420 623 458 239 493 722 554 Waddington (John), Congregational 592 Walker (F. A.), Indian Question, 703 Walker (J. B.), Doctrine of the Holy 208 Weir (J. F.), Some Suggestions on 75 173 590 195 674 770 THE NEW ENGLANDER. No. CXXVI. JANUARY, 1874. ARTICLE I-ARMENIA AND THE ARMENIANS. By Tillman Conkling Trowbridge: As all nations are affected to some extent by the climate, soil, and other physical circumstances by which they are surrounded, some notice of the geography of Ancient Armenia becomes necessary in order to a proper understanding of the Armenian race. The boundaries of Armenia have changed so often that it is now somewhat difficult to define them; the most accurate description appears to be that of Saint Martin in his "Mémoires sur L'Armenié." According to this author, Armenia Major was bounded on the north by Georgia and the Caucassian Mountains; on the south by a line which would pass through Diarbekir, at about 38° north latitude; on the west by the western Euphrates; and on the east by the Caspian Sea. The Greek geographers frequently mention Armenia Minor, which lay to the west and south of Armenia Major and included portions of Northern Syria, Cilicia, and Karamania. Oorfa on the east and Cesarea on the west belonged to Armenia Minor. The original home, however, of the Armenians was Armenia Major. The elevation of this portion of the earth's surface above the nearest seas is shown by the fact that several large rivers take their rise in Ancient Armenia; among these are the Kizil Irmak, the ancient Halys, which flows west and north into the Black Sea; the Aras (Araxes), which flows east into the Caspian; the Tigris and Euphrates, which flow southeast into the Persian Gulf. Lake Van, which may be taken as a central point of Ancient Armenia, is more than 4,000 feet above the Black Sea. Armenia has ever been celebrated for its cold and healthy climate, its pure water, its rich pasture lands, its fertile valleys and plains, and lofty mountains. The winters are long and severe; the summers short and pleasant; flowers abound during the months of June and July; the atmosphere is very clear and light; the heavens, at night, shine with the greatest splendor. Altogether the physical aspects of the country are well fitted to make it the home of a hardy, liberty-loving race. At present the country has a barren appearance; the villages are squalid; only a small portion of the soil is cultivated; the inhabitants have long been oppressed by Turks and Kurds; yet, notwithstanding all these disadvantages, there is a certain indescribable charm about the physical nature of the country, which may, to some extent at least, account for the passionate attachment which all Armenians have for the home of their race. It is worthy of notice, however, that Armenia has ever been at the confluence of several great empires; in ancient times, Persia was on the east and the Roman Empire on the west; in more modern times, the Saracens and Turks have been on the south and Russia on the north. These empires have not only contended fiercely for the possession of Armenia but when marching their troops against each other have crossed and recrossed her territory and have fought many bloody battles on her soil. This was especially true when the Romans were contending with the Persians. In this respect, the geographical position of Armenia was a great obstacle to the permanence of the Armenian kingdom. The origin of the Armenian race is lost in the obscurity of the past, yet there are many reasons for believing what all Armenians claim, that their race is one of the oldest in the world. One of the names which the Armenians give to their country is Askhanzean; this is derived plainly from Askenaz, who was the |